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å South Asian (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, Nepal), South East Asia (Thailand,
Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia) countries,
Indochina (Laos, Kampuchea and Vietnam)
and China is flooded with Sweatshops, ghetto
labour markets and stigmatised migrant
workers.
å ASEAN countries have recently discussed
establishment of Special Economic Zones that
would ensure flexibalisation of the labour force
to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

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å Primitive accumulation in its classical form
included plunder, slavery and colonialism,
while primitive accumulation in the
contemporary period includes sweat- shops,
labour concentration camps and
criminalisation of the working class.

å In 1998, the world economy had 1.2 billion

poor i.e. population with an income of less
than 1 dollar per capita per day.
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As a result of Structural Adjustment

Programme, sacked/ retrenched
formal sector workers and employees
are forced to work in the informal
sector. Victims of Voluntary
Retirement Scheme have downward
economic mobility.
Rationalisation, mechanisation and
automation have had labour reducing
implications. r
Social Tensions

å Massive Urban unemployment and

rural underemployment and disguised
unemployment have resulted into
social tensions in terms of ethnic and
religious chauvinism in several Asian
countries.

å Incidents of economic crimes have

risen drastically.
-
 Ethnic & Communal Tensions
Co-existence of high wage islands in the sea
of pauperised working class has enhanced
human misery and social conflict in the
context of massive reduction in the welfare
budgets of the nation states in South Asia
and South East Asia.
With rising ethnic and communal tension
jeopardising economic activities, visible
and invisible activities of underground
extra-legal economy is displaying a
tendency to expand. —
Dual Economy Model

INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR

LEVELS OF EDUCATION &
SKILLS get differential wages due
to casualisation of the workforce.
Introduction of contract system in
public sector has institutionalised
neo-liberal dual economy model.
Racist Wage Policies †
 Ëob & Wage Discrimination
Immigrants face job discrimination in
pre-entry phase & wage
discrimination in post entry phase.
They remain the first to be fired and
the last to be hired.
Dualistic Models in the Asian region,
promotes differentiation based on
language, caste, religion, ethnic
background and exclusion from
informal network for upward
economic mobility. ‰
 External Sector
Majority of the toiling poor rot in the external
sector in which real wages change at disparate
rates.
Institutions like extended family, caste and village
nexus play an important role in providing safety
nets to migrant workers.
å pHETTO LABOUR MARKETS
å Burgeoning pHETTO LABOUR MARKETS are
perpetuating the law of jungle in the industrial scenario.
As a result a situation arises where legal apartheid faced
by micro-entrepreneurs at the foot of the economy.
å Workers in casual sector are predominantly young
and single men and women, while workers in
regular sector are older and married. |$
Plight of the Poor

å Segmentation begins in the rural areas

where the asset-less poor in the margin
of economy migrate to the cities.
å Dual economy thrives on discrimination
based on gender relations, caste, religion,
mother tongue, parent¶s education, family
occupation, migration status and age.
å 1. Income differs widely between these
segments.
2. Mobility between them is limited ||
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 Fundamentalism
å has a connotation of a religious dogma that
aggressively furthers/ promotes, rather imposes
traditionalist beliefs and practices, including patriarchal
gender roles.
å is oppressive because it asserts that women should be
confined to care of home and children and must always
submit to male rules and regulations.
å insists that patriarchal control over women¶s sexuality,
fertility and labour are pod given and should not be
contested.
å reinforces its ideology by using vehicles such as family
and kinship networks, media, state apparatus, criminal
justice system and cultural constructs.
å a response to modernisation, socio-economic changes,
demographic shifts and multiculturalism.
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å Two centuries back, communalism had a

connotation of identity, based on community.
å In the post-colonial discourse, communalism is
understood as an antagonistic collective
mobilisation on the basis of religion leading to
the partition of the subcontinent into India and
Pakistan and recurrence of communal
conflicts/riots and carnages.
å Communal forces have strengthened their hold
on important spheres of the state and civil
society that include subversion of constitution
and judiciary and communalisation of culture,
media, religion and lifestyle.
å Women are the major casualties in the bargain. |r
Communal politics has always played the major role
in determining rights and limits of women.
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 Identity Politics & Women

åThis also creates genuine fear in the

minds of minority communities that
takes a perverse form in increasing
rigidification and restrictions on
women who are demanding gender-
justice in the personal arena.
å plobalisation of sectarian organisations-
PAN Hindu & PAN Muslim Identities
|—
 Women, the last colony

åKumbh Mela & desertion of women

åNRTs and Selective Elimination of
pirls
åCommunal Riots & desertion of
women by family members
åMarginalised communities
marginalising their own women
further |†


  
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Southern Women¶s Perspectives

Feminists wedded to safeguard the entitlements of women

have been trying to convince the international financial,
economic and commercial institutions, namely, World Bank,
International Monitory Fund, World Trade Organisation and
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development

to withdraw existing conditionalities and rules of economic

globalisation, and

to stop covertly and overtly, promoting the interests of

patriarchal class system, all over the globe, defending the
interests of TNCs and MNCs and imposing unrestrained
commodification, thereby resulting into concentration and
centralization of economic, financial and political power in
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å Promotion of multicultural ethos
å Strong local, regional and global
networks
å Alternate Media
å Secular education
å Festival celebrations with plural
perspective
å Workshops on unlearning communalism
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Think & Act ,
Locally & plobally.

Thank you
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