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1
Overview
● Introduction
● Statistical Concepts in Quality Control
● Control Charts
● Acceptance Plans
● Computers in Quality Control
● Quality Control in Services
2
Introduction
3
QC Throughout Production Systems
4
Services and Their Customer Expectations
● Hospital
●
Patient receive the correct treatments?
●
Patient treated courteously by all personnel?
●
Hospital environment support patient recovery?
● Bank
●
Customer’s transactions completed with precision?
●
Bank comply with government regulations?
●
Customer’s statements accurate?
5
Products and Their Customer Expectations
● Automaker
●
Auto have the intended durability?
●
Parts within the manufacturing tolerances?
●
Auto’s appearance pleasing?
● Lumber mill
●
Lumber within moisture content tolerances?
●
Lumber properly graded?
●
Knotholes, splits, and other defects excessive?
6
Sampling
7
Sampling
8
Size and Frequency of Samples
9
When to Inspect
During the Production Process
● Inspect before costly operations.
● Inspect before operations that are likely to produce
faulty items.
● Inspect before operations that cover up defects.
● Inspect before assembly operations that cannot be
undone.
● On automatic machines, inspect first and last pieces
of production runs, but few in-between pieces.
● Inspect finished products.
10
Central Limit Theorem
11
Sampling Distributions
12
Population and Sampling Distributions
x
Sampling Distribution
f(x)
of Sample Means
Mean = x== µ
σx
Std. Error = σ x =
n
x
13
Control Charts
15
Constructing Control Charts
16
Control Charts for Attributes
17
Control Charts for Attributes
p + / - 3 p(100 − p)/n
18
Example: Attribute Control Chart
19
Example: Attribute Control Chart
20
Example: Attribute Control Chart
21
Example: Attribute Control Chart
22
Example: Attribute Control Chart
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
23
Control Charts for Variables
24
Control Charts for Variables
25
x-Chart
26
R-Chart
27
3σ Control Chart Factors for Variables
29
Example: Variable Control Chart
30
Example: Variable Control Chart
50.0
49.9
49.8 LCL
49.7
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
31
Example: Variable Control Chart
32
Example: Variable Control Chart
A B C D E F
R Chart for Meow Chow
0.80
0.70
Sample Range R
UCL
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
LCL
0.00
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
33
Acceptance Plans
34
Acceptance Plans
35
Single-Sampling Plan
36
Single-Sampling Plan
Lot of N Items
Random
Sample of
N - n Items n Items
c’ Defectives
Inspect n Items
Found in Sample
Replace
c’ > c c’ < c Defectives
n Nondefectives
Reject Lot Accept Lot
37
Double-Sampling Plan
38
Double-Sampling Plan
Lot of N Items
Random
Sample of
N – n1 Items n1 Items
Replace
c1’ Defectives Defectives
Inspect n1 Items
Found in Sample
n1 Nondefectives
c1’ > c2 c1’ < c1
Accept Lot
c1 < c1’ < c2
Reject Lot
Continue (to next slide)
39
Double-Sampling Plan
N – n1 Items
Random
N – (n1 + n2) Sample of
Items n2 Items
Replace
c2’ Defectives Defectives
Reject Lot Inspect n2 Items
Found in Sample
n2 Nondefectives
(c1’ + c2’) > c2
(c1’ + c2’) < c2
Accept Lot
40
Sequential-Sampling Plan
41
Sequential-Sampling Plan
Number of Defectives
7
6
Reject Lot
5
4
Continue Sampling
3
1 Accept Lot
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Units Sampled (n)
42
Definitions
43
Definitions
44
Definitions
45
Considerations in
Selecting a Sampling Plan
● Operating characteristics (OC) curve
● Average outgoing quality (AOQ) curve
46
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
47
Probability of Accepting the Lot
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
1.00
.90 n = 15, c = 0
.80
.70
.60 Producer’s Risk (α ) = 3.67%
.50 Consumer’s Risk (β ) = 8.74%
.40
AQL = 3%
.30
LTPD = 15%
.20
.10
% Defectives
in Lots
0 5 10 15 20 25
48
OC Curve (continued)
49
Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) Curve
50
AOQ Curve
51
AOQ Curve
52
Computers in Quality Control
53
Computers in Quality Control
54
Quality Control in Services
55
Wrap-Up: World-Class Practice
56
Wrap-Up: World-Class Practice
57
End
End of
of Chapter
Chapter 17
17
58