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Figure 22.1
Figure 22.2
Figure 22.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Paleontology, the study of fossils
– Was largely developed by French scientist
Georges Cuvier
Figure 22.4
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 22.2: In The Origin of Species, Darwin
proposed that species change through natural
selection
• As the 19th century dawned
– It was generally believed that species had
remained unchanged since their creation, but a
major change would challenge this thinking
England
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
PACIFIC ATLANTIC
OCEAN OCEAN
SOUTH
Darwin in 1840, AMERICA
after his return
AUSTRALIA
Andes
Cape of
Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn New
Tierra del Fuego Zealand
Figure 22.5
(a) Cactus eater. The long, (c) Seed eater. The large ground
sharp beak of the cactus finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
ground finch (Geospiza has a large beak adapted for
scandens) helps it tear cracking seeds that fall from
and eat cactus flowers plants to the ground.
and pulp.
Mammuthus
Stegodon
Mammut
Deinotherium
Platybelodon
Millions of years ago
Barytherium
Moeritherium
Figure 22.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Natural Selection and Adaptation
• Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr
– Has dissected the logic of Darwin’s theory into
three inferences based on five observations
Figure 22.8
Figure 22.9
Flower Leaves
cluster
Cauliflower Kale
Flower
Stem
and
stems
Broccoli Wild mustard Kohlrabi
Figure 22.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary of Natural Selection
• Natural selection is differential success in
reproduction
– That results from the interaction between
individuals that vary in heritable traits and their
environment
Figure 22.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• If an environment changes over time
– Natural selection may result in adaptation to
these new conditions
Experimental
transplant of
Predator: Killifish; preys guppies
mainly on small guppies
Guppies:
Larger at
sexual maturity
than those in
“pike-cichlid pools”
Figure 22.12
at maturity (days)
Control Population: Guppies
Age of guppies
185.6
161.5 85.7 92.3
from pools with pike-cichlids
58.2 as predators
48.5
67.5 76.1
Experimental Population:
Guppies transplanted to
Males Females Males Females pools with killifish as
predators
CONCLUSION Reznick and Endler concluded that the change in predator resulted in different variations
in the population (larger size and faster maturation) being favored. Over a relatively short time, this altered
selection pressure resulted in an observable evolutionary change in the experimental population.
No. 1
Patient No. 2
Patient No. 3
Weeks
Figure 22.13
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve
rapidly
– Poses a challenge to our society
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Human 100%
Mouse 87%
Chicken 69%
Frog 54%
14%
Figure 22.16 Lamprey
NORTH
AMERICA
Sugar
glider
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
Figure 22.17
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Fossil Record
• The succession of forms observed in the fossil
record
– Is consistent with other inferences about the
major branches of descent in the tree of life
• Paleontologists
– Have discovered fossils of many such
transitional forms
Figure 22.18
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What Is Theoretical about the Darwinian View of Life?
• In science, a theory
– Accounts for many observations and data and
attempts to explain and integrate a great
variety of phenomena