Chapter 32

An Introduction to Animal
Diversity

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero

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 • Overview: Welcome to Your Kingdom

• The animal kingdom

– Extends far beyond humans and other animals
we may encounter

Figure 32.1

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 • Concept 32.1: Animal are multicellular,
heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that
develop from embryonic layers
• Several characteristics of animals
– Sufficiently define the group

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 Nutritional Mode
• Animals are heterotrophs
– That ingest their food

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 Cell Structure and Specialization
• Animals are multicellular eukaryotes

• Their cells lack cell walls

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 • Their bodies are held together
– By structural proteins such as collagen

• Nervous tissue and muscle tissue

– Are unique to animals

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 Reproduction and Development
• Most animals reproduce sexually
– With the diploid stage usually dominating the
life cycle

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 • After a sperm fertilizes an egg
– The zygote undergoes cleavage, leading to the
formation of a blastula

• The blastula undergoes gastrulation

– Resulting in the formation of embryonic tissue
layers and a gastrula

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 • Early embryonic development in animals
1 The zygote of an animal 2 Only one cleavage 3 In most animals, cleavage results in the
undergoes a succession of mitotic stage–the eight-cell formation of a multicellular stage called a blastula.
cell divisions called cleavage. embryo–is shown here. The blastula of many animals is a hollow ball of cells.

Blastocoel

Cleavage Cleavage

6 The endoderm of
the archenteron de-
velops into the tissue Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section
lining the animal’s Zygote of blastula
digestive tract.
Blastocoel
Endoderm
5 The blind pouch
formed by gastru-
lation, called
the archenteron,
Ectoderm
opens to the outside
via the blastopore. Gastrula Gastrulation
Blastopore 4 Most animals also undergo gastrulation, a rearrangement of
the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands,
and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic
tissues: the ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer).

Figure 32.2
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 • All animals, and only animals
– Have Hox genes that regulate the
development of body form

• Although the Hox family of genes has been

highly conserved
– It can produce a wide diversity of animal
morphology

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 • Concept 32.2: The history of animals may span
more than a billion years
• The animal kingdom includes not only great
diversity of living species
– But the even greater diversity of extinct ones
as well

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 • The common ancestor of living animals
– May have lived 1.2 billion–800 million years ago

– May have resembled modern choanoflagellates,

protists that are the closest living relatives of
animals

Single cell

Stalk

Figure 32.3
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 – Was probably itself a colonial, flagellated
protist

Somatic cells Digestive

cavity

Reproductive cells
Hollow sphere of
Colonial protist, unspecialized
an aggregate of cells (shown in Beginning of cell Infolding Gastrula-like
identical cells cross section) specialization “protoanimal”

Figure 32.4

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 Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–524 Million Years Ago)
• Early members of the animal fossil record
– Include the Ediacaran fauna

Figure 32.5a, b (a) (b)

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 Paleozoic Era (542–251 Million Years Ago)
• The Cambrian explosion
– Marks the earliest fossil appearance of many
major groups of living animals
– Is described by several current hypotheses

Figure 32.6
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 Mesozoic Era (251–65.5 Million Years Ago)
• During the Mesozoic era
– Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial
vertebrates
– Coral reefs emerged, becoming important
marine ecological niches for other organisms

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 Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present)
• The beginning of this era
– Followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial
and marine animals

• Modern mammal orders and insects

– Diversified during the Cenozoic

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 • Concept 32.3: Animals can be characterized by
“body plans”
• One way in which zoologists categorize the
diversity of animals
– Is according to general features of morphology
and development

• A group of animal species

– That share the same level of organizational
complexity is known as a grade

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 • The set of morphological and developmental
traits that define a grade
– Are generally integrated into a functional whole
referred to as a body plan

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 Symmetry
• Animals can be categorized
– According to the symmetry of their bodies, or
lack of it

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 • Some animals have radial symmetry
– Like in a flower pot

(a) Radial symmetry. The parts of a

radial animal, such as a sea
anemone (phylum Cnidaria), radiate
from the center. Any imaginary slice
through the central axis divides the
animal into mirror images.

Figure 32.7a

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 • Some animals exhibit bilateral symmetry
– Or two-sided symmetry

(b) Bilateral symmetry. A bilateral

animal, such as a lobster (phylum
Arthropoda), has a left side and a
right side. Only one imaginary cut
divides the animal into mirror-image
halves.

Figure 32.7b

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 • Bilaterally symmetrical animals have
– A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side

– A right and left side

– Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends

– Cephalization, the development of a head

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 Tissues
• Animal body plans
– Also vary according to the organization of the
animal’s tissues

• Tissues
– Are collections of specialized cells isolated
from other tissues by membranous layers

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 • Animal embryos
– Form germ layers, embryonic tissues,
including ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

• Diploblastic animals
– Have two germ layers

• Triploblastic animals
– Have three germ layers

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 Body Cavities
• In triploblastic animals
– A body cavity may be present or absent

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 • A true body cavity
– Is called a coelom and is derived from
mesoderm

Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Coelom

(a) Coelomate. Coelomates such as

Tissue layer
annelids have a true coelom, a body lining coelom
cavity completely lined by tissue and suspending
derived from mesoderm. internal organs
(from mesoderm)

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

Figure 32.8a

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 • A pseudocoelom
– Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel,
rather than from mesoderm

Body covering
(from ectoderm)

(b) Pseudocoelomate. Pseudocoelomates Muscle layer

such as nematodes have a body cavity only Pseudocoelom (from
partially lined by tissue derived from mesoderm)
mesoderm.

Digestive tract
(from ectoderm)

Figure 32.8b
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 • Organisms without body cavities
– Are considered acoelomates

Body covering
(from ectoderm) Tissue-
(c) Acoelomate. Acoelomates such as filled region
flatworms lack a body cavity between (from
the digestive tract and outer body wall. mesoderm)

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

Figure 32.8c
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 Protostome and Deuterostome Development
• Based on certain features seen in early
development
– Many animals can be categorized as having
one of two developmental modes: protostome
development or deuterostome development

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 Cleavage
• In protostome development
– Cleavage is spiral and determinate

• In deuterostome development
– Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
Protostome development Deuterostome development
(examples: molluscs, annelids, (examples: echinoderms,
arthropods) chordates)
(a) Cleavage. In general, protostome
Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage development begins with spiral,
determinate cleavage.
Deuterostome development is
characterized by radial, indeterminate
cleavage.

Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate

Figure 32.9a
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 Coelom Formation
• In protostome development
– The splitting of the initially solid masses of
mesoderm to form the coelomic cavity is called
schizocoelous development

• In deuterostome development
– Formation of the body cavity is described as
enterocoelous development
Coelom (b) Coelom formation. Coelom
formation begins in the gastrula
stage. In protostome development,
Archenteron
the coelom forms from splits in the
mesoderm (schizocoelous
Coelom development). In deuterostome
Mesoderm Blastopore Mesoderm development, the coelom forms from
Blastopore
mesodermal outpocketings of the
Schizocoelous: solid Enterocoelous: archenteron (enterocoelous
masses of mesoderm folds of archenteron development).
split and form coelom form coelom

Figure 32.9b
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 Fate of the Blastopore
• In protostome development
– The blastopore becomes the mouth

• In deuterostome development
– The blastopore becomes the anus

Anus Mouth

Digestive tube

Mouth Anus
Mouth develops Anus develops
from blastopore from blastopore
Figure 32.9c
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 • Concept 32.4: Leading hypotheses agree on
major features of the animal phylogenetic tree
• Zoologists currently recognize about 35 animal
phyla
• The current debate in animal systematics
– Has led to the development of two
phylogenetic hypotheses, but others exist as
well

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 • One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based
mainly on morphological and developmental
comparisons

Ctenophora

Arthropoda
Phoronida

Rotifera
Cnidaria

Ectoprocta

Platyhelminthes

Mollusca
Echinodermata

Chordata

Annelida
Brachiopoda

Nematoda
Nemertea
Porifera

“Radiata” Deuterostomia Protostomia

Bilateria

Eumetazoa

Metazoa

Ancestral colonial
Figure 32.10 flagellate

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 • One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based
mainly on molecular data

Echinodermata

Brachiopoda
Chordata

Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria
Ctenophora

Phoronida

Arthropoda
Ectoprocta

Mollusca
Nemertea

Annelida
Silicarea

Nematoda
Rotifera
Calcarea “Radiata”

“Porifera” Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Bilateria

Eumetazoa

Metazoa

Ancestral colonial
flagellate
Figure 32.11
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 Points of Agreement
• All animals share a common ancestor

• Sponges are basal animals

• Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true

tissues

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 • Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria

• Vertebrates and some other phyla belong to

the clade Deuterostomia

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 Disagreement over the Bilaterians
• The morphology-based tree
– Divides the bilaterians into two clades:
deuterostomes and protostomes

• In contrast, several recent molecular studies

– Generally assign two sister taxa to the
protostomes rather than one: the ecdysozoans
and the lophotrochozoans

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 • Ecdysozoans share a common characteristic
– They shed their exoskeletons through a
process called ecdysis

Figure 32.12
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 • Lophotrochozoans share a common characteristic
– Called the lophophore, a feeding structure

• Other phyla
– Go through a distinct larval stage called a
Apical tuft
trochophore larva of cilia

Mouth

Anus
Figure 32.13a, b (a) An ectoproct, a lophophorate (b) Structure of trochophore larva

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 Future Directions in Animal Systematics
• Phylogenetic studies based on larger
databases
– Will likely provide further insights into animal
evolutionary history

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