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By. Virendra Kumar.


B.Tech(E.E.E)
7080710275
Contents.
¢ Ôntroduction
¢ Summary of automobiles.
¢ The First Mast Produced Car
¢ Necessity of cars
¢ Different models of cars
¢ Efficiency
¢ Transmission and its modes
¢ Brakes
¢ Heat pumps.
¢ Heat engines.
Ôntroduction
¢ automobiles plays a very vital role in our daily
life, a person who wants to sustain in this world
must have to be aware of these facts,and auto-
auto-
mobiles are the one those major things in which
a single word ´technologyµ is dominating
completely .Modern technologies are introduced
in automobiles to increase their efficiences as
well as their looks, and now if you have drunked
,then the car don·t allow you to sit over the
driver·s seat and let you drive.
ëummary About Automobiles

‰ Cylinders expand hot gas to do work


‰ Uses the flow of heat from hot
burned
gases to cold atmosphere to produce
work
‰ Energy efficiency is limited by
thermodyn.
‰ Higher temperatures increase
efficiency
— e first mast produce car.
¢ This to your right is the
model T.
¢ The first mast produce car.
¢ Henry Ford designed this
car which was one of the
most popular of it·s time.
¢ Ôt made going from point a
to point b a lot easier than a
horse and buggy.
] y are cars important today?
¢ Car are so important today because they are
what we use for transportation.
¢ Ôf we did not have cars we would not be able to
just go down to the store you would have to
walk to the store and back with what you
bought that would be a pain.
mld and New Ford ve icles
¢ The car in the top left
corner is a 1967 Shelby
GT 500
¢ The car in the lower left
corner is a picture of a
2005 Ford GT
mld and New C evy's
¢ Ôn the top right corner is
a 1970 Chevrolet
Chevelle SS.
¢ On your bottom right is
a 2004 SSR.
mld and New Dodges
¢ To your top left is a 2004
dodge viper.
¢ at the your bottom left
is a dodge charger.
New and mld Pontiacs
¢ Ôn the top right is a 2004
gto.
¢ Ôn the bottom right is a
1970 gto you can see
how much technology
has improved.
jFFÔCÔjNCY
¢ Definition and it dependance

‡ As t e temperature difference
between ot and cold increases.
² Heat·s c ange in entropy increases.
² A eat pump becomes less efficient.
² A eat engine becomes more
efficient.
—ANëÔëëÔmN
‡ C anges force/distance (actually
torque/rotation rate) relations ips
between
t e engine and t e w eels
‡ —wo basic types
² anual: clutc and gears
² Automatic: fluid coupling and gears
anual —ransmission

‰ Clutch uses friction to convey torque


from
engine to drive shaft
Opening clutch decouples engine and
shaft
Closing clutch allows engine to twist
shaft
‰ Gears control mechanical advantage
Automatic —ransmission

¢ Fluid coupling uses moving fluid to convey


torque to drive shaft
¢ Engine turns impeller (fan) that pushes fluid
¢ Moving fluid spins turbine (fan) and drive shaft
¢ Decoupling isn·t required Gears control
mechanical advantage
—op view
Hydraulic automobile
jlectric automobiles.
HjA— PUPë

¢ ‰ a heat pump transfers some heat from


¢ cold to hot, against the natural flow, as it
¢ converts useful work into heat
¢ ² Reverse heat flow decreases entropy
¢ ² Converting work to heat increases entropy
¢ ‰ Entropy doesn·t decrease
¢ ‰ Some heat flows from cold to hot
HjA— jNGÔNj

¢ a heat engine diverts some heat as it


¢ flows naturally from hot to cold and
¢ converts that heat into useful work
¢ ² Natural heat flow increases entropy
¢ ² Converting heat to work decreases entropy
¢ Entropy doesn·t decrease
¢ Some heat becomes work
jngine, ëtep 1

¢ ‰ Fuel and air mixture after induction stroke


¢ ‡ Pressure = Atmosp eric
¢ ‡ —emperature = Ambient

Engine, Step 1
Engine, Step 2

‰ Fuel/airmixture
after compression
stroke
‡ Pressure = Hig
‡ —emperature = Hot
ENGÔNE STEP 3

¢‰ Burned gases after ignition


¢ ‰ Pressure = Very high

¢ ‰ Temperature = Very hot


Diesel Engine
‡ Uses compression eating
to ignite fuel
² ëqueezes pure air to ig
pressure/temperature
² Ônjects fuel into air
between compression and
power
strokes
² Fuel burns upon entry into
super eated air
‡ Power stroke extracts work
from burned gase
Ônternal Combustion jngine

¢ ‰ Burns fuel and air in enclosed space


¢ ‰ Produces hot burned gases

¢ ‰ allows heat to flow to cold outside air

¢ ‰ Converts some heat into useful work


Four ëtroke jngine

‰ Ônduction Stroke: fill cylinder with fuel & air


¢ ‰ Compression Stroke: squeeze mixture
¢ ‰ Power Stroke: burn and extract work
¢ ‰ Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of exhaust‰
Ônduction Stroke: fill cylinder with fuel & air
¢ ‰ Compression Stroke: squeeze mixture
¢ ‰ Power Stroke: burn and extract work
¢ ‰ Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of exhaust
Ônduction ëtroke
¢ ‰ Engine pulls piston out of cylinder
¢ ‰ Low pressure inside cylinder
¢ ‰ atmospheric pressure pushes
¢ fuel and air mixture into cylinder
¢ ‰ Engine does work on the gases
¢ during this stroke
Compression ëtroke
¢ Engine pushes piston into cylinder
¢ Mixture is compressed

to high
¢ pressure and

temperature
¢ Engine does work

on the gases
¢ during this stroke
Power ëtroke
¢ Mixture burns to form
hot gases
¢ Gases push piston

out of cylinder
¢ Gases expand to lower

pressureand temperature
¢ Gases do work on

engine during
this stroke
— ank you for aving your
attention

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