Blood & Haemopoiesis

Prof. Dr. Xiaoxun Xie

2005.3
 INTRODUCTION
Blood
* a specialized form of C.T.
* a circulating tissue
* as a transporting medium
* a total volume about 5 liters in
health adult
 INTRODUCTION
Components of blood
*Formed elements------blood cells (45%)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

*Intercellular substance------plasma (55%)

H2O ( 90% )
Plasma proteins: albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, etc.
Others:
 Blood with anticoagulant (hepari
血液的组成
n)

centrifugation

------- plasma
Leukocytes+Platelets

— Erythrocyte
血块、血清
without anticoagulant

—Serum

—Clotting
 Mature Erythrocytes
* biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area.
* no nucleus and organelles
* Hemoglobin ( Hb )
* deformability

Blood smear
SEM
 Reticulocyte
* not fully mature erythrocytes
* 0.5 1% of a total number of erythrocytes
* no nucleus
* ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure)
* remaining Hb synthesis
* Clinic significance
* Function of mature erythrocytes:
gaseous transport
* lifespan of erythrocytes:
120 days
* Size: 7.5 ~8.5µm (diameter)
* Number:
Male: 4.2~5.5×1012/ L (Hb: 120~150g/L)
Female: 3.5~5.0 ×1012/ L (Hb: 105~135g/L)
 Pathological conditions

Number Anemia Erythrocytosis

Size Large / small cell anemia

Shape Spherocytosis; Sickle cell anemia

Hb Thalassemia
 Sickle-cell anemia is a pai
nful disease in which RBC

 
s become crescent shape
d due to inheritance of an
abnormal type of hemoglo
bin. Sickled RBCs break d
own, releasing hemoglobin
into the circulation.

                                                                  
 Spherocytosis

Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, a

nd lack the light centers seen in normal, round RBCs.
General characteristic of leukocytes
* spherical shape
* posses nuclei

* present organelles

* a total number less than that of erythrocytes

* exhibiting amoeboid movement

* involving in body defenses and immunity

Classification
*Granular leukocytes
neutrophils 5070%
eosinophils 0.53%
basophils 0  1%

*Agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes 2030%
monocytes 38%
 Neutrophil
Size : 10 12 µm (diameter)
Morphology
nucleus ： highly morphonuclear
rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated
young old
cytoplasm ：
specific granules: 80%, small
azurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome
 中性粒细胞 （血涂片）

Charateristics of specific granules:

Neutrophils * fine, uniform

* evenly distributed
* pink staining

Lobulated nuclei
Rod-like nucleus

azurophilic granules
 Specific granules (80%, s
amll) contain:
* alkaline phosphatase
* phagocytin
* lysozyme

Azurophilic G. (large, les

s) containing:
* acid phosphatase
* Peroxidase
Neutrophil (EM)
 Eosinophils
Size: 10 12 µm (diameter)
LM:

- usually bilobed nucleus

- eosinophilic granules

Characteristic of eosinophilic grandules:

* strong eosinophilia (reddish)
* coarse and refractile
* uniform size and evenly distributed
（电镜）
Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes )
which contain substances:
* acid phosphatase
(EM)
* aryl sulphatase
* Peroxidase

nucleus * histaminase

Eosinophilic granules with

crystalloid in the center
 Basophil
Size: 10 12 µm (diameter)
LM:
nucleus:
lobulated; S or irregular;
obscured outline
cytoplasm: basophilic granules

Characteristic of basophilic grandules:

* variable size
* uneven distribution
* strong basophilia
Basophil (EM)
Basophilic granules
contain:
* heparin
nucleus * leukotriene
* histamine
 Function of granular leukocytes
Neutrophils: * ruffled membrane movement
* chemetaxis
* phagocytosis

Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy

Basophils:

* anticoagulation;
* involving in allergic response
 Monocyte
Size: 14 20 µm (diameter)
Nucleus: large, eccentric,
light staining,
deep indentation, horseshoe
cytoplasm ：
abundant ， gray-blue staining,
weak basophilia,
numerous pink-purple granules
(azurophilic G)
 Monocyte
Small pseudopodia , microvillus, mitochondrion
RER,
Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain:

* Peroxidase
(EM 模式图）
* Acid phoshpatase nucleus
* Lysozyme
 Function of monocyte

- differentiate into macrophages.

- phagocytose microorganisms,
tissue debris and the dead
neutrophils
- immune respond

- give rise to osteoclasts, which are able to dissolve bone

.
They are of importance in bone remodelling.
 Lymphocyte
Size: 6  20 µm (diameter), small/medium/large
nucleus ： a round, densely stained nucleus
cytoplasm:
a relatively small amount of cytoplasm,
pale basophilic (?)
some azurophilic granules
 Lymphocyte
* a large number of free ribosomes,

* a few mitochondria, and other organelles

* exhibiting small cytoplasmic

projections in the nucleus
surface of cells.

(EM 模式图）
Function of Lymphocytes:
T LC: cellular immunity
B LC: → plasma cells
humoral immunity
 Blood Platelets (thrombocytes)
• fragments of megakaryocytes
• lack a nucleus
• cytoplasm: two zones:
- outer hyalomere
hardly stains,
cytoskeletal f.
( actin & myosin)
- inner granulomer
* bluish staining granule
* Some other organelles
 Function of blood platelets
platelets
blood vessel coagulated factor
fibrinogen
fibrin

thrombinogen

thrombin
Slides review
 Summary table. Erythrocytes & leukocytes
Erythrocyte(mature) Leukocyte
Number
Size
biconcave disc sphere
Shape
non present
Nucleus
Organelle
HB
Granules
Function
Lifespan