FLUID MOVING

MACHINERY
by:
Carla R. Catedral
Catherine Corda
Val Alexandrian Cuaresma
Kristeen Kreem D. Tan
TWO MAJOR CLASSES OF
FLUID MOVING MACHINERY

1.
Those applying direct pressure to the

2.
Those using torque to generate rotati
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
DEVICES
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS COMPRESSORS

BLOWERS
What is a pump?

 A machine that draws a fluid

into itself through
 an entrance port and forces the
fluid out through
 an exhaust port .

 A physical contrivance that is

used to deliver
 fluids from one location to another
through

Primary means of transfer of energy
to the fluid that causes flow

o Gravity
o Displacement
o Centrifugal Force
o Electromagnetic Force
o Transfer of Momentum
Gravity
 movement of fluid from one
location to another using the
force of gravity .
Displacement
Discharge of a fluid from a
vessel by partially
or completely displacing its

internal volume
with a second fluid .

Included in this group are

reciprocating - piston and

diaphragm
machines , rotary - vane and gear

types , fluid
piston compressors and air lifts .
Diaphragm machines Air lifts
Centrifugal Force
 applied by means of a
centrifugal pump
or compressor ( to produce kinetic

energy
by the action of centrifugal

force and then

convert this energy into pressure

by
efficiently reducing the velocity

of the
flowing fluid .)


Electromagnetic Force
 When the fluid is an
electrical conductor , as in the
case with molten metals, it is
possible to impress an
electromagnetic field around
the fluid conduit in such a way
that a driving force that will
cause flow is created .
Transfer of Momentum
 Deceleration of one fluid
( motivating fluid ) in order to
transfer its momentum to a
second fluid ( pumped fluid ) is a
principle commonly used in the
handling of corrosive materials ,
in pumping from inaccessible
depths , or for evacuation .
Two Major Classes of Pump

1 . Positive Displacement Pump

2.
3 . Centrifugal Pump
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS
 Positive Displacement Pumps, will
produce the same flow at a given
speed (RPM) no matter the discharge
pressure.

 Positive Displacement Pumps are
"constant flow machines"

 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS
can either be:

 RECIPROCATING
In reciprocating pump the chamber is
stationary cylinder that contains a plunger,
piston or diaphragm.

 ROTARY
In rotary pumps the chamber moves from the
inlet to discharge and back to the inlet.
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS

Basically, the action of the liquid-

transferring parts of these pumps is the same, a
 piston, a plunger or a diaphragm being caused
to pass or flex back and forth in a chamber.
 Piston Pump
 In a piston pump liquid is drawn through
an inlet check valve into the cylinder by
the withdrawal of a piston and then
forced out through a discharge check
valve on the return stroke.


 This piston pump uses suction to raise

water into the chamber. The lower valve
can be placed below water level.

Animation:
 Plunger Pump
 A plunger pump is a type of positive
displacement pump where the high-pressure
seal is stationary and a smooth cylindrical
plunger slides though the seal.

 This makes them different from piston pumps and
allows them to be used at high pressures. This
type of pump is often used to transfer
municipal and industrial sewage.


 They are always single acting, in the sense that

only one end of the plunger is used in pumping
the liquid.



Example:
 Diaphragm Pump
 These pumps perform similarly to piston and plunger
pumps, but the reciprocating member is a flexible
diaphragm fabricated of metal, rubber, or plastic.


 It uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a

rubber, thermoplastic or teflon diaphragm and
suitable non-return check valves to pump a fluid.
Sometimes this type of pump is also called a
“membrane pump”.

 When the volume of a chamber of either type of pump is
increased (the diaphragm moving up), the pressure
decreases, and fluid is drawn into the chamber. When
the chamber pressure later increases from decreased
volume (the diaphragm moving down), the fluid
previously drawn in is forced out. Finally, the
diaphragm moving up once again draws fluid into the
chamber, completing the cycle.
Animation:
 ROTARY PUMPS
 Positive displacement rotary pumps are
pumps that move fluid using the
principles of rotation.


 2 TYPES:
1.GEAR PUMPS
2.SCREW PUMPS

 GEAR PUMPS
 Gear pumps are the simplest type of rotary
pumps, consisting of two gears laid out
side-by-side with their teeth enmeshed.


 Theory of operation
 As the gears rotate they separate on the
intake side of the pump, creating a void
and suction which is filled by fluid. The
fluid is carried by the gears to the
discharge side of the pump, where the
meshing of the gears displaces the fluid.
 SCREW PUMP
 Screw pumps are a more complicated type
of rotary pumps, featuring two screws
with opposing thread —- that is, one
screw turns clockwise, and the other
counter clockwise.

 Screw pumps carry liquid between the
screw threads on one or more rotors.
Screw pumps are rotary positive
displacement pumps that can have one
or more screws to transfer a fluid of high
or low viscosity and their applications
are not limited to agriculture.
 Gear Pump Screw Pump



 Air Lift
 Is a device for raising liquid by means of
compressed air.
 In the past it was widely used for pumping
wells, but it has been less widely used since
the development of efficient centrifugal
pumps.
 It operates by introducing compressed air into
the liquid near the bottom of the well. The
air and liquid mixture, being lighter than
liquid alone, rises in the well casing.
 The advantage of this system of pumping lies
in the fact that there are no moving parts in
the well. The pumping equipment is an air
compressor, which can be located on the
surface.
Animation:

The lift pump

upstroke
creates a
vacuum;
water rises to
fill it.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Most widely
used in the
chemical industry
for transferring
liquids of all
types - raw
materials ,
materials in
manufacture , and
finished products
— as well as for
general services
of water supply ,
boiler feed ,
condenser
circulation ,
 **available through a 
vast range of sizes, in 
capacities from 0.5m3/h 
to 2x104 m3/h (2 gal/ 
min) and for discharge 
heads (pressure)from a 
few meters to 
approximately 48 MPa 
Advantage: simplicity, low first 
(7000lbf/in2)
cost, uniform (nonpulsating) 
flow, small floor space, low 
maintenance expense, quiet 
operation, and adaptability for 
use with a motor or a turbine 
 ACTION OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

qworks by converting kinetic energy into

potential energy measurable as static fluid
pressure at the outlet of the pump.
qthe rotation of the pump impeller imparts
kinetic energy to the fluid through
centrifugal force.
qAs the fluid exits the impeller, if the
outlet piping is too high to allow flow, the
fluid kinetic energy is converted into static
pressure. If the outlet piping is open at a
lower level, the fluid will be released at
greater speed.
 General Components of
Centrifugal Pumps

Two main components:

I. A rotating component comprised

of an impeller and a shaft
II. A stationary component
comprised of a casing, casing cover,
and bearings.
Stationary Components
qCASING
Ømain function is to convert the velocity energy imparted to the 
fluid by the impeller into useful pressure energy
Øserves to contain the fluid and to provide an inlet and outlet for 
the pump

a)volute casing
vtake the form of a spiral increasingly uniformly in cross­ section 
area as the outlet is approached
vhelps to balance hydraulic pressure on the shaft 

Volute casings build a higher head, but circular casings are 
generally used on higher capacity pumps. 

b.) Circular casings 
vhave stationary diffusion vanes around the impeller that 
convert velocity energy to pressure energy
Chamber
-space between the
shaft and casing
protect the pump
against leakage where the
shaft passes through the
casing

qBearing housing
The bearing housing encloses the
bearings mounted on the shaft. The bearings
keep the shaft or rotor in correct
alignment with the stationary parts under
the action of radial and transverse loads.
The bearing house also includes an oil
reservoir for lubrication, constant level
oiler, jacket for cooling by circulating
cooling water.
 Rotating
Components
qImpeller
Ømain rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the
fluid
Classified in many ways.
oBased on major direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation
vRadial flow
vAxial flow
vMixed flow
o Based on suction type
vSingle-suction: Liquid inlet on one side
vDouble-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically
from both sides
o Based on mechanical construction
vClosed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes
vOpen: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes
vSemi-open or vortex type
qShaft
-the torques encountered when
starting and during operation while
supporting the impeller and other rotating
parts
a)Shaft Sleeve
b .) Coupling
DOUBLE SUCTION SINGLE STAGE
PUMPS
- used for general water supply and
circulating service and handled chemical
service when liquids that are noncorrosive to
iron or bronze
CLOSED COUPLE PUMPS
 -pumps
equipped with a
built-in electric
motor or
sometimes steam
turbine-driven
(with a pump
impeller and drive
on the same shaft)
CANNED-Motor Pumps
-close coupled to a Canned Motor
in such a way that there is no dynamic
shaft seal, no couplings and no ball
bearings.
 Axial-Flow (Propeller) Pumps
l
Turbine Pumps
-applied to units with mixed
flow impellers
-common form of turbine
pump has the pump elements
mounted of the bottom of a column
that serve as the discharge pipe
-a centrifugal pump that is mainly used
to pump water from deep wells or
other underground and man-made
bodes of water to water distribution
systems
 Regenerative
Pump
§ utilize an impeller
with many buckets or
vanes at the
periphery
§ particularly useful
when low volume of
low viscosity
liquids must be
handled at higher
pressure than are
normally available
with centrifugal
pumps .
JET PUM PS

§ a class of liquid-handling device that

makes use of the momentum of
one fluid to more another
§ type of pump where the energy from
one fluid (liquid or gas) is
transferred to another fluid via the 
Venturi effect
Electromagne
tic
Measurement of Performance

1 . CAPACITY
 - the flow rate with which liquid is
moved or pushed by the pump to the desired
point in the process .
 - It is commonly measured in either
gallons per minute ( gal / min ) or cubic
meters per hour ( m 3 / hr ).
 2 . HEAD
 - a measurement of the height of a
liquid column that the pump could create
from the kinetic energy imparted to the
liquid .
TOTAL DISCHARGE HEAD (hd)


 hd = hgd + atm + hvd



TOTAL SUCTION HEAD (hs)



 hs = hgs + atm + hvs



VELOCITY HEAD ( hv)



 hv = v2 / 2g


TOTAL
 DYNAMIC HEAD ( H )
 H = h
d - hs
 DEVELOPED HEAD

Bernoulli Equation between

stations a and b
η, hf = 0
quantities in the parentheses are called TOTAL HEADS

If H a is the TOTAL SUCTION HEAD,

H b the TOTAL DISCHARGE HEAD, and Δ H = H b -
Ha
Power Requirement
Power supplied to the pump drive
from an external source

Power delivered to the fluid

Pump Efficiency
AC TUAL PE RFO RMAN CE O F
CE NT RIFU GAL PU MP
 The developed head of an
actual pump is considerably less
than that calculated from the
ideal pump relation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CURVES ; HEAD CAPACITY
RELATION
The plots of actual head, total power
consumption and efficiency vs. volumetric flow
rate are called characteristic curves of a
pump.

The actual developed head is considerably less

and drops precipitously to zero as the rate
increases to a certain value in any given
pump. This is known as zero-head flow rate; it
is the maximum flow the pump can deliver under
any conditions.

The rated or optimum operating flow rate is

less than this.

The difference between the theoretical and

actual curves results primarily from the
circulatory flow.
POWER CURVES
Typical curves of fluid power Pf and total power PB versus flow
rate.
The difference between ideal and actual performance represents
the
power lost in the pump
Leakage is the unavoidable reverse flow from the
impeller discharge past the wearing ring to the
suction eye.

Disk friction is the friction between the outer

surface of the impeller and the liquid in the space
between the impeller and the inside of the casting .

Bearing losses constitute the power required to

overcome mechanical friction in the bearing and
stuffing boxes or seals of the pump.
EFFICIENCY
 The pump efficiency is the ratio
of fluid power to the total power
input.
MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
 The maximum head that is practicable to
generate in a single impeller limited by the
peripheral speed reasonably attainable.
A so–called high energy centrifugal
pump can develop a head of more than 650 ft.
in a single stage, but generally when a head
is greater than about 100 ft. is needed, two
or more impellers can be mounted in series on
a single shaft and a multistage pump so
obtained.
The discharge from the first stage
provides suction for the third, and so forth.
The developed heads of all stages add
to give a total head several times that of a
single stage.
LE AK PRO OF P UM PS
 Leak proof pumps are increasingly used for
handling dangerous liquids. There are two main types,
both of which contain no seals or stuffing boxes.

In canned-rotor pumps a stainless steel can –

like enclosure surrounds the motor rotor to keep the
pumped fluid away from the motor.

In magnetic-drive pumps the impeller, which

carries magnets, is driven by a magnet-carrying disk on
the other side of the casing wall.

Both types are less efficient than conventional

pumps, but a lower efficiency is often preferable to
installing complicated mechanical seals and seal
flushing systems
PUMP PRIMING
process to get pump working : the
process or act of making a pump work
more effectively by pouring fluid
into it as it starts up

Used to avoid cavitation..

Suction Limitations of a
Pump
 Whenever the pressure in a
liquid drops below the vapor
pressure corresponding to its
temperature , the liquid will
vaporize . When this happens
within an operating pump , the
vapor bubbles will be carried
along to a point of higher
pressure , where they suddenly
collapse . This phenomenon is
called CAVITATION .
Cavitation
Cavitation is often accompanied by :


 Metal removal
 Vibration
 Reduced flow
 Loss in efficiency
 Noise

To avoid cavitation , the pressure in
the pump
inlet must exceed the vapor

pressure by a certain
value called the Net Positive

Suction Head
( NPSH ).
  For small centrifugal pumps ,
 NPSH required is about 2 or 3
meters


 For very large pumps ,

 NPSH values are up to 15 meters


 For a pump taking suction from a

reservoir ,


ere P a’ = absolute pressure at surface reservoir

P v = vapor pressure
h fs = friction in suction line
NPSH Requirements for Other
Liquids

NPSH reductions
for pumps
handling
hydrocarbon
liquids and
high - temperature
water . This chart
has been
constructed from
test data
obtained using
the liquids
shown .
Pump Selection
Factors to be considered :


§ Acidity / alkalinity ( pH ) and

chemical composition
§ Operating temperature
§ Solids concentrations / particle
sizes
§ Specific gravity
§ Vapor pressure
§ Viscosity

Acidity / alkalinity ( pH )
and chemical composition

 Corrosive and acidic fluids can

degrade pumps , and should be
considered when selecting
pump materials .
Operating temperature
 Pump materials and expansion ,
mechanical seal components ,
and packing materials need to
be considered with pumped
fluids that are hotter than
200 ° F .
Solids concentrations or
particle sizes
 Whenpumping abrasive liquids
such as industrial slurries ,
selecting a pump that will
not clog or fail prematurely
depends on particle size ,
hardness , and the volumetric
percentage of solids .
Specific gravity
 Specific gravity affects the
energy required to lift and
move the fluid , and must be
considered when determining
pump power requirements .
 Vapor pressure
 Proper consideration of the
fluid ’ s vapor pressure will
help to minimize the risk of
cavitation .

Viscosity
 Kinematicviscosity normally
varies directly with
temperature , the pumping
system designer must know the
viscosity of the fluid at the
lowest anticipated pumping
temperature . High viscosity
fluids result in reduced
centrifugal pump performance
and increased power
requirements . It is
particularly important to
consider pump suction - side
line losses when pumping
viscous fluids .
Pump Materials of
Construction
 In the chemical industry ,
the selection of materials of
construction is dictated by
consideration of corrosion ,
erosion , personnel safety , and
liquid contamination .
Range of Operation

Pump
coverage
chart
based on
normal
ranges of
operation
of
commercial
ly
available
types .