Auxiliary Views

Objective
 To understand how to generate views that
show inclined and oblique surfaces in true
shape in multiview drawings
 To better understand the manipulation of
3-D objects using successive 90 degree
rotations in preparation for solid modeling
 Outline
 Definition and Use
 Fold Line Method
 Primary Auxiliary Views
 Review of descriptive geometry
 Example: Inclined surface
 Secondary Auxiliary Views
 Example: Oblique surface
 Example: A surface with no true length lines
 Auxiliary Vs. Principle Views
 Principle planes
 Horizontal (Top and bottom view)
 Frontal (Front and back view)
 Profile (Left and right side view)
 Auxiliary views
 Definition: An orthographic view that is
projected into a plane that is not parallel to any
of the principle planes
 Purpose: To show the true shape of a detail that
does not lie in on of the principle planes
Review: Fold Line Method
 A fold line (hinge) may be placed between
adjacent views to aid in the construction and
interpretation of multiview drawings
 Projection lines are always perpendicular to fold
lines
 The distance from a fold line to any specific
point on an object is the same for any related
views (ex. top and side view)
 Fold lines represent a 90 degree rotation in
viewpoint
Example: Fold Line Method
 Distances from the fold line
in View A are equal to the
distance from the fold line in
View C
 Follow projection lines to
keep track of vertices
 Use offset when creating
View C from View A & B
 Note that the projection lines
are always perpendicular to
fold lines.
 Primary Auxiliary View
 Definition: Any view that is projected from
(adjacent to) one of the principle views and which
is not parallel to any of the principle planes
 A primary auxiliary view is perpendicular to only
one of the principle planes
 Any inclined surface may be shown in true shape
in the appropriate primary auxiliary view
 If the fold line for an auxiliary view is parallel to
the edge view of an inclined surface the inclined
surface will appear in true shape in the auxiliary
view
Example: Primary Auxiliary
Views  Use the UCS command
to rotate about the Z axis
and align the x axis up
with the inclined surface
 Project perpendicular
projection lines from the
inclined surface
(ORTHO)
 Determine the depth of
each point from related
views (OFFSET)
 Use DDOSNAP to
quickly select features
 Projection Planes

 A fold line represents the projection

plane for the adjacent view
 A line appears true length if it lies
in a plane parallel to the projection
plane
 A line which is not parallel to the
projection plane appears
foreshortened
 A line which is perpendicular to the
projection plane appears as a point
 Lines

 A line which is parallel to a fold line

will appear true length in the adjacent
view
 A true length line which is
perpendicular to a fold line will
appear as a point in the adjacent view
 Line 1-3 is parallel to the fold line in
the right side view and true length
line in the front view
 Line 1-2 is true length in the right
side view and is a point in the front
view
 Lines

Allviews adjacent to a
point view of a line will
show the line in true length
A line which does not
appear true length in any of
the principle views is
called an oblique line
 Surfaces
 A Surface appears in “true shape”
(undistorted) if it is parallel to the
projection plane
 A surface appears as an edge parallel to
the fold line in all views adjacent to the
true shape view of the surface
 If any line on a surface appears as a
point then the surface will appear as an
edge
 A surface which does not appear as an
edge in any of the principle views is
called an oblique surface
Secondary Auxiliary Views
 An oblique surface
requires a secondary
auxiliary view to show
the surface in true shape
 Secondary Auxiliary Views
 Definition: A secondary auxiliary view is any
view which is not perpendicular to any of the
principle views
 Purpose: A secondary auxiliary view is used
to show the true shape of an oblique surface
 A secondary auxiliary view is constructed as
an auxiliary view to a primary auxiliary view
using fold lines and perpendicular projectors
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View
 The top view shows the oblique
surface
 A secondary auxiliary view is
needed to show the surface in true
shape
 The lengths of sides and angles
are distorted in all other views
 Perpendicular projection lines and
reference planes are used to
construct the right side view from
the front and top view
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View  A true length line on the
oblique surface is identified
in the right side view
 Placing a fold line which is
perpendicular to the true
length line gives the edge
view of the surface
 This auxiliary view is a
primary auxiliary view
 The edge view of the surface
is needed to obtain the true
shape view
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View
 A fold line which is draw
parallel to the edge view
of the oblique surface
gives the secondary
auxiliary view showing
the surface in true shape
 Perpendicular projectors
are used to determine the
location of vertices
 Often only the inclined or
oblique surface is shown
in auxiliary views
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View
 Simplify the construction
of drawings by starting
with only a portion of the
drawing
 The right side view is
constructed by measuring
along projection lines in
the top view
 Vertices are numbered to
help keep track of correct
distances from reference
planes
 Example: Secondary Auxiliary View

 A true length line is identified in the right side view

line 2-4 is parallel to the fold line in the front view, therefore
line 2-4 is a true length line in the right side view
 A fold line perpendicular to the true length line gives the
edge view of the oblique surface
 Example: Secondary Auxiliary View

 Use UCS to rotate about the Z axis and align the X axis with the edge
view of the oblique surface
 Perpendicular projection lines are constructed (ORTHO)
 The distance along projection lines are measured in relative views
(OFFSET and DDOSNAP)
 The secondary auxiliary view shows the oblique surface in true shape
 Memorize These Statements
Before The Quiz
 A fold line that is parallel to a line
gives a view that shows the “true
length” of the line
 A fold line that is perpendicular to
a “true length” line on a surface
gives a view that shows the surface
as an edge.
 A fold line that is parallel to the
edge view of a surface gives a view
that shows the “true shape”
Another Example
 The top view and front
view of a surface is
shown
 Is an auxiliary view
needed to show the
surface in true shape?
 Yes: The surface does
not appear as an edge in
either view
Example
 Construct the right
side view using
projection lines and
reference planes
 Note that there are no
true length lines in
any of the principle
views
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View  Since the surface does
not appear as an edge in
any of the principle
views the surface is
oblique and requires a
secondary auxiliary view
 A line is drawn on the
surface which is parallel
to the fold line between
the front and right side
view
 This line appears as a
true length line in the
right side view
 Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View
 The true length line is used to get an edge view of the surface
 A fold line perpendicular to the true length line gives a point view
of the line in the adjacent view
 Since the line is on the surface the surface will appear as an edge
 Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View
 The secondary auxiliary
view gives the true
shape of the surface
 The secondary auxiliary
view is constructed by
placing a fold line
parallel to the edge view
of the surface
Example: Secondary Auxiliary
View  Fold lines are labeled by the name of the
principle plane or the level of auxiliary
view
 Primary auxiliary view (1)
 Secondary auxiliary view (2)
Helpful Visualization Tools
 Label surfaces
 Label vertices - List nearest vertex
first at each location (1,2)
 Follow construction lines to
determine location
 Equal number of sides - A surface
with 3 sides will have three sides in
every view
 Parallel edges - If lines are parallel
in one view they will be parallel in
every view