CHPT 8

8.
4 Transcription TEKS 4B, 6C, 9C
First 10 minutes of class.

• Bell Ringer 15 Select the correct answer and explain why that is the best answer.
8.4 Transcription TEKS 4B, 6C, 9C
KEY CONCEPT
Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded
RNA molecule.
MAIN IDEA
• RNA carries DNA’s instructions.

• Transcription makes three main types of RNA.
• The transcription process is similar to replication.
• Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
• Amino acids are linked to become a protein
WORDS TO KNOW
RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
• The central dogma

states that information
flows in one direction
from DNA to RNA to
proteins.
• These steps are
important for protein
synthesis; the process
in which cells make
proteins.
• The central dogma includes three processes.

– Replication
– Transcription replication
– Translation
• RNA is a link between transcription
DNA and proteins.
translation
Introducing Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• is a single-stranded • is a molecule that
nucleic acid that carries contains
out the instructions coded the biological instruction
in DNA. s that make each species
unique.
• RNA differs from DNA in three major ways.

1. RNA has a ribose sugar.
RNA DNA

2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine.

3. RNA is a single-stranded structure.
Transcription makes three types of RNA.

• Transcription copies DNA to make a strand of RNA.
• Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

– RNA polymerase and other proteins form a
transcription complex.
– The transcription complex recognizes the start of
a gene and unwinds a segment of it.
transcription complex
start site
nucleotides
– Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA.

– RNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together to
make a new RNA molecule.
– The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed.
DNA
RNA polymerase
moves along the DNA
– The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene
is transcribed.
– a Gene; a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or
RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is
the functional unit of inheritance
mRNA
• Transcription makes three types of RNA.

– Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will
be translated to form a protein.
– Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where
proteins are made.
– Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the
cytoplasm to a ribosome.
The transcription process is similar to replication.

• Transcription and replication both involve complex
enzymes and complementary base pairing.
• The two processes have different end results.
– Replication copies
all the DNA;
transcription copies one
gene growing RNA strands
a gene.
– Replication makes
one copy; DNA
transcription can
make many copies.
What transcription tells scientist.
• Because mRNA encode for only a single gene, studying

mRNA can help researchers learn where genes begin
and end on a chromosome.
• It could also indicate what genes are active in specific
types of cells
Translation, the big picture
• Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides.

• A polypeptides; a chain of amino acids linked together
Translation is the process of gene expression.
• Genes a segment of DNA • Traits a genetically

that is located in the determined
chromosome and that codes characteristic.
for a specific hereditary trait.
Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
• codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for

a particular amino acid.
• Amino acid are any one of 20 different organic molecules
that combine to from proteins.
codon for codon for
methionine (Met) leucine (Leu)
• Many codons are redundant, meaning they code for the

same amino acid.
• Codon charts are used to find the Amino Acid that
corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino
acids aka a polypeptide
Important Codons
• stop codon; signal the end of the amino acid chain.

• start codon; which signals the start of translation and the
amino acid methionine.
– This means that translation always begins with
methionine.
• There are a total of 20 amino acids used to make up all
the proteins in the human body.
Amino acids are linked to become a protein.

• An anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is
complementary to an mRNA codon.
• An anticodon is carried by a tRNA.
INDEPENDENT WORK 30-45 MINS
• Answer questions on the Class Notes Tab. Use

complete sentences.
• Define and add Images to Vocabulary Words
“Protein Synthesis”
• 5 Question Multiple Choice Quiz “Protein
Synthesis”

CHPT 8

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8.

4 Transcription TEKS 4B, 6C, 9C

First 10 minutes of class.

• RNA carries DNA’s instructions.

RNA carries DNA’s instructions.

• The central dogma

• The central dogma includes three processes.

DNA and proteins.

Introducing Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• RNA differs from DNA in three major ways.

• RNA differs from DNA in three major ways.

• RNA differs from DNA in three major ways.

Transcription makes three types of RNA.

• Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

– Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA.

• Transcription makes three types of RNA.

The transcription process is similar to replication.

What transcription tells scientist.

• Because mRNA encode for only a single gene, studying

Translation, the big picture

• Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides.

Translation is the process of gene expression.

• Genes a segment of DNA • Traits a genetically

Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.

• codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for

• Many codons are redundant, meaning they code for the

• stop codon; signal the end of the amino acid chain.

Amino acids are linked to become a protein.

INDEPENDENT WORK 30-45 MINS

• Answer questions on the Class Notes Tab. Use

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