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‫مصطلحات أساسية‬
• Information Technology (IT)
• Information Society
• Information Superhighway

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 ‫أنواع الحاسبات‬
Super
Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe
computer
Large
IBM Apple Organization
PC’s Macintosh

Desktop Portable
laptop
: ‫مقارنة من حيث‬
Palmtop
size ‫•الحجم‬
Notepad speed ‫•السرعة‬
accuracy ‫•الدقة‬
PDA price ‫•السعر‬

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 ‫ما الفرق بين‬
Dumb Intelligent
Terminals Terminals
‫ذات القدرات المحدودة‬ ‫الذكية‬

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 Networked Computers
Client / Server
• Resources are kept centrally on
the server and used locally by
the clients
)server(‫– يسمح بمشاركة المصادر المتصلة بالحاسب الخادم‬
)printer( ‫مثل‬
‫– يتم تخزين البيانات في جهاز حاسب ويمكن استعادة هذه البيانات‬
‫في اجهزة حاسبات أخري‬
H.Desk space ‫– يسمح بمشارك الـ‬

• The server must be powerful &

each client will be a workstation

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 Workgroup Computing
(peer to peer)
• Allow resources to be shared between
multiple users at same time (‫مشاركة‬---‫سمح ب‬--‫ي‬
‫لمصادر‬--‫) ا‬
• Computers can share
– Resources
• (printers ‫اــلطابعـة‬
• modem ‫كـارتة اــلمودمـ‬
• scanner‫اــلماسح اــلضوئي‬
• Disk Space‫مساحة علياــلقرصاــلصلب‬

– Applications ‫ اــلبراـمج اــلتطبيقية‬and Information (files)

• Connection may be via

– Network cable (single location)
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 Workgroup advantages
• Less chance of disruption (if a
computer fail down)
‫اليؤثر انقطاع االتصال بأحد األجهزة علي العمل‬
• Provide the authority & access right on
sharing data without interfere of
administrator
‫تعطي صالحية مشاركة البيانات دون الرجوع الي مسئول النظام‬
• Less cost (no need for administrator(
‫أقل تكلفة‬

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 Workgroup disadvantages
• Slow down PC’s
‫تبطئ األجهزة‬
• Security is less than client/server
arrangement
‫أقل أمان‬
• Give total access to the file may cause
to damage or delete it
‫إحتمال فقد بعض البيانات أو حذفها‬

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 ?
Decimal & Binary Systems

ASCII code = American Standard Coded for Information Interchange

EBCDIC = Enhanced Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

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 Byte = 8 Bit TB

KB = 1024 B
GB

MB

KB Bit = Binary Digit

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 Decimal & Binary Systems
U T H NO
decimal 100 101 102

9 0 3 4 5 543
3 40 500
binary
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Bit = (0 / 1) 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Binary Digit
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 ASCII code
American Standard Coded for Information Interchange
How to convert from Decimal to Binary

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
70 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
52 1 1 0 1 0 0

EBCDIC = Enhanced Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

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 ‫‪System Unit‬‬
‫من الخلف‬ ‫في الداخل‬ ‫من االمام‬
‫‪Mother Board‬‬ ‫‪ CD_Drive‬مشغل اــلقرصاــلمدمج‬
‫‪ -1‬المنفذ المسلسل‬
‫‪Serial Port‬‬ ‫‪CPU‬‬ ‫‪ HD_Drive‬مشغل اــلقرصاــلصلب‬
‫‪ -2‬المنفذ المتوازي‬
‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫‪DVD_Drive‬‬
‫‪Parallel Port‬‬
‫‪ -3‬الناقل المسلسل الشامل‬ ‫‪ROM_BIOS‬‬ ‫‪ FD_Drive‬مشغل اــلقرصاــلمرن‬
‫‪Universal Serial‬‬
‫‪Fax Modem‬‬ ‫‪ZIP_Drive‬‬
‫‪Bus (USB‬‬
‫)‪Cards (sound , VGA‬‬
‫‪ -4‬كارتة صوت‬
‫‪ -5‬كارتة الشاشة‬

‫‪( -1‬شاشة العرض)‪Monitor‬‬

‫‪ -2‬لوحة المفاتيح ‪Keyboard‬‬
‫‪ -3‬الفأرة ‪Mouse‬‬

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 The System (mother) Board
Power
Supply

CD
RAM
HD
FD
Processor

ROM_BIOS

Cards
Sound
VGA…

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‫)‪Central Processing Unit (CPU‬‬
‫‪Frequency‬‬
‫‪Control Unit‬‬ ‫‪GHz‬‬
‫وحدة التحكم‬ ‫‪Internal‬‬
‫• تقوم بالعمليات الحسابية‬
‫‪Register‬‬
‫& ‪Arithmetic‬‬ ‫‪memory‬‬ ‫• مسئولة عن تشغيل نظام التشغيل‬
‫‪Logical Unit‬‬
‫ذاكرة‬ ‫• مسئولة عن تشغيل البرامج التطبيقية‬
‫وحدة الحساب‬
‫والمنطق‬ ‫‪the application programs‬‬
‫• تتم معالجة البيانات في ذاكرة صغيرة بداخلة‬
‫تسمي (‪)register‬‬

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 Function of CPU
• one of these is computer hardware ‫مناــلمكوناتاــلمادية‬

• Ensuring Executing program instruction in the right

sequence. ‫اــلتأكد منتــنفيذ اــلبراـمج وفـقا لــتسلسل خـطواـتهـ‬

• The CPU is used to process program instructions and

data.‫يــقومـ بــمعـاــلجة اــلبراـمج واــلبيانات‬

• Carrying out calculations. ‫مسئول عنجـميعـ اــلعملياتاــلحسابية‬

(Sending e-mail is not a function of the CPU)

• Speed of a computer CPU can be measured in (Ghz , MHz)

Gigahertz Or Megahertz

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 ‫‪ Ports‬المنافذ‬
‫‪Serial Port -1‬‬ ‫‪Monitor‬‬
‫‪ COM1‬او ‪COM2‬‬
‫المنفذ المسلسل‬ ‫الشاشة‬

‫‪Parallel Port -2‬‬ ‫‪Printer‬‬ ‫‪ LPT1‬او ‪LPT2‬‬

‫المنفذ المتوازي‬ ‫الطابعة‬

‫)‪3- Universal Serial Bus (USB‬‬

‫المنفذ المسلسل العالمى‬

‫اــلماسح اــلضوئي‪Scanner‬‬
‫‪Digital Camera‬‬ ‫اــلكاميرا اــللرقـمية‬

‫اــلطابعـة ‪Printer‬‬

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 Peripheral devices
‫أـجزاء خـارجية‬
• devices connect to the system unit
externally and controlled by the central
processing unit
‫وحدات متصلة بوحدة النظام خارجيا ولكن يتم التحكم‬
‫فيها من خالل وحدة المعالجة المركزية‬
– Printers
– Scanners
– Speakers
– PCMICA
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 ‫أنواع الذاكرة(‪)Memory‬‬

‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫‪ROM‬‬ ‫‪Catch‬‬

‫‪Memory‬‬
‫‪Random‬‬ ‫‪Read Only‬‬
‫‪Access‬‬ ‫‪Memory‬‬
‫‪Memory‬‬

‫عند فتح الجهاز يتم‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫مسئولة عن فحص الحاسب اآللي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫تحميل نظام التشغيل ‪O.‬‬
‫‪ .S‬فيها‬ ‫ثم‬
‫يتم نسخ البرامج التطبيقية‬ ‫‪ BIT‬‬ ‫تحميل نظام التشغيل ‪OS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Application‬فبها‬ ‫‪Byte‬‬
‫بمجرد تشغيل البرنامج‬ ‫‪ROM_ BIOS‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪KB‬‬ ‫‪ ROM-BIOS‬ومشكلة عام ‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫•‬
‫وحدات قياس‬
‫‪MB‬‬ ‫القابلة للتحديث ‪Flash BIOS‬‬ ‫•‬
‫الذاكرة‬
‫‪GB‬‬
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 RAM
• The operating system is copied on it when you switch on
computer.
‫ فيها بمجرد تشغيل الجهاز‬.O. S ‫يتم تحميل نظام التشغيل‬

• Information is lost (disappear) when you switch off the

computer.
‫تفقدـ البيانات منها بمجرد اغالق الجهاز‬

• The data stored on it is volatile.

‫البيانات التي يتم االحتفاظ بها متطايرةـ‬

• The contents of this change constantly as the PC is used.

‫تتغير محتويتها بشكل مستمر أثناء إستخدـام الحاسب‬

• The data held on it can be saved on your hard disk.

‫يمكن تخزين بياناتها في القرص الصلب‬
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 ‫ماذا يـحدث إذا !!!‬

‫كان الحاسب ال يحتوي علي رام ‪ RAM‬كافية‬

‫لتشغيل برنامج كبير‬

‫‪virtual memory‬‬

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 ROM
• The contents of this are fixed during the
manufacture of the PC
‫البيانات يتم وضعها من قبل المصنع‬
• Can not be modified by users
‫البيانات اليمكن تعديلها من قبل المستخدم‬

• You cannot write to this type of memory.

‫اليمكن الكتابة فيها‬

• Bios = Basic Input Output System

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 CMOS
• Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

• A chip powered by a battery (does not lose

its content) when the power turned off
‫تستمد الطاقة من البطارية عند انقطاع التيار الكهربي‬

• Can
•
be changed to reflect changes in the
computer
‫اي تغير فيها يؤثرعلي الجهاز‬
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 Video Graphics Memory
‫ذاـكرة اــلفديو‬
Network cards & video cards
contain ROM chips

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 Memory Storage Units
Main Auxiliary
memory storage units

? • Internal HD (fixed)

• External HD (removable)
GB
GB
• Jazz drive 2 GB

• Zip drive 100,150 MB

• Floppy disks drive 1.44 MB

• CD – ROM 700 MB
• (DVD) 4GB, 8GB
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 Magnetic storage units

• Hard Desk (EIDE- SCSI)

• PCMCIA

• Floppy desk
Formatting disk
• Jazz drive (2 GB) 9 0 5
TRACKS 40(

• 0-39 4 1

• Zip drive (250 MB) SECTOR

CLUSTER
8 6
3 2
7
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 Formatting disk
Full format Quick format

• Unformatted disks need operating system data

written to them before they can store files.
‫القرص الغير مهيئ يحتاج إلى بيانات من نظام التشغيل تكتب علية قبل‬
‫إستخدامه فى حفظ الملفات‬

• A pre-formatted disk can be used immediately

to store data.
‫يمكن تخزين البيانات علي القرص اذا كان مهيئ مسبقا‬

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 False about Formatting disk
 Disks are automatically formatted when you save a
file.‫يــتمـ اــلتهية بــمجرد تــخزيناــلملف‬
 A used floppy disk cannot be reformatted.
‫اليمكن اعادة تهيئة القرص المستخدم سابقا‬
 You can’t format a disk if it had been formatted
already.
‫اليمكن اعادة تهيئة القرص‬
 A Full format does not erase data from your disk.
‫اعادة تهيئة القرص ال يمحو البيانات المخزنة عليه‬
 All operating systems format disks in the same way.
‫ستم تهيئة القرص بنفس الطريقة باستخدام انظمة التشغيل المختلفة‬
 You should regularly format floppy disks.
‫يجب تهيئة القرص باستمرار‬

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 ‫مقارنة بين الوسائـط التخزينية‬

1.44 MB 2GB Back-up

2GB Hard Disk
Floppy Disk Tape

Archiving personal Storing data of work

Backing up text files
records in progress

Archiving 1.8GB of Backing up 1.8GB of

Very cheap means graphic files that are files you are currently
of backing up 1 not currently needed. working on.
MB of text files ‫ من الملفات الرسومية‬1.8 ‫تخزين‬ ‫ من الملفات‬1.8 ‫يدعم تخزين‬
‫وسيلة تخزين رخيصة جدا‬ ‫التى ال تكون مطلوبة حاليا مثل‬ ‫التى تستخدم حاليا‬
‫اإلرشيف‬

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 Optical Storage Units
CD DVD
Compact Desk Digital
Versatile
Disk
1. CD-ROM
Read Only Memory
2. CD-WORM
Write Once Read Memory
3. CD-RW OR CD-R
Rewritable or Renewable

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 Input Devices

1. Mouse 1. Touch Pad

2- Keyboard 5- Light pen

3- Tracker Ball 6- Joystick

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 Input Devices
Voice input (Mice)

8- Web Camera

9- Digital Camera

10- Touch Screen

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 Input Devices
‫تقاس درجة وضوح الصورة بالـ‬
DPI = Dot per Inch
scanner
S.C )Portable(
H.C
H.C Hand Scanner

Output paper
Image
Image
OCR. Program

Text
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 Input Devices
• can be used
‫أدواـتا ـالدخاــل‬ • is considered as

• Scanner‫اــلماسح اــلضوئي‬ • Mouse

• Web Camera • Keyboard
• Digital Camera • Tracker Ball
(‫)اــلرقـمية‬ • Touch Pad
• ‫إدخال الصوت‬ • Light pen
• Joystick

+ Touch Screen
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 Monitors
VGA card

• (CRT) = Cathode ‫• أنواعها‬

Ray Tube
‫• حجمها‬
• Flat Screen
)Inch( ‫• وحدة قياسها‬
(LCD) = Liquid )Pixel( ‫• درجة الوضوح‬
Crystal Display
VGA 640 x 480
Super VGA 800 x 600
• Touch screen
• XGA 1024 x 870

‫• األلوان‬
High scan rate does not cause eyestrain

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 Output Devices
• data Show

• Printers
Laser Printers -
- Inkjet Printers
- Dot Matrix Printers Printer toner cartridges can be recycled
‫يمكن إعادة تعبئة خراطيش الحبر فى الطابعة‬
• Plotters
Print large images
used in design &
research sector

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 Output Devices
• Speakers

• Headphone

• Speech Synthesizers
- Receive a text mail & the sys. Read it for
you (voice mail) Sound card
- Convert a text into a spoken words

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 ‫‪Output Devices‬‬ ‫‪• can be used‬‬

‫أغلب الطابعات‬ ‫وحداـتاــإلخراـج‬ ‫‪• is considered as‬‬

‫لها شرائح ذاكرة‬
‫خاصة بها‬ ‫وحدة العرض المرئي (الشاشة)‪Monitor‬‬ ‫•‬
‫شاشات العرض المسطحة ‪Monitors Flat Screen‬‬ ‫•‬
‫أجهزة عرض العروض التقديمية الحاسوبية (‪)data Show‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Laser Printers‬‬ ‫•طابعات الليزر‬ ‫األنواع المختلفة للطابعات‪Printers‬‬ ‫•‬
‫( الملونة ‪ ,‬االسود)‬
‫•طابعات نفث الحبر ‪Inkjet Printers‬‬ ‫طابعات الرسوم الهندسية ‪Plotters‬‬ ‫•‬
‫•طابعات المصفوفة النقطية ‪Dot Matrix‬‬ ‫السماعات ‪Speakers‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Printers‬‬
‫المحوالت الصوتية ‪Speech Synthesizers‬‬ ‫•‬

‫تعتبر شاشة اللمس ‪ Touch Screen‬من أدوات اإلدخال واإلخراج معا‬

‫‪Input, Output Device‬‬
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 computers and the environment

.O animated screensavers does not save power

‫شاشة اإلقاف ال تستخدم لتوفير الطاقة‬

.O Printer toner cartridges can be recycled ‫مفاهيم عند التعامل‬

‫يمكن اعادة تعبة الحبر للطابعة‬ ‫مع بيئة الحاسب‬

.O paper from a laser printer can be recycled

‫يمكن اعادة استخدام الورق للطباعة علي الوجة اآلخر‬

O Laptops on standby use less electricity than when running

normally.
Standby ‫الكمبيوتر المحمول يوفر الطاقة عند ضبطة علي‬

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 ‫سرعة آداء اـلحاسب‬
Speed capacity
1. CPU MHz or GHz 1. RAM MB or GB
2. Clock Speed MHz 2. Bus in MB Bit
3. H.D Millisecond 3. H.D GB

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 Have influence on
the Performance of a computer
• The amount of free space on the PC’s hard disk.
• Clearing all the unwanted files off a hard disk.
‫حذف كل الملفات الغير مرغوب فيها من القرص الصلب‬

• The amount of main memory (RAM) that is installed.

• Increasing the amount of RAM.
RAM ‫زيادة كمية أو قيمة الذاكرة‬

• The use of trackball rather than a mouse.

‫أن تستعمل كرة التتابع اكثر من الماوس‬

• The type of graphics card that is installed.

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 ‫لرفع كفاءة الحاسب‬

, Start , Start
, Programs , Programs
, Accessories , Accessories
, System Tools , System Tools
)De-fragmentation( )Disk cleanup(

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 Software
programming Applications
• Word Processing
Operating System programs • MS. Word
•DOS • Spread Sheet
•WINDOWS • L.L.L.
• MS. Excel
•Mac OS • Assembly L.
•Database
•Sun Solaris • H.L.L.
•UNIX • MS. Access
•LUNIX • Presentation
•BSD FreeBSD 4.0
• MS. Power Point
released 03/13/2000
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 ‫برامج نظام التشغيل‬
‫)‪Operating System (O.S‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪MS-Dos‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Windows‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Mac OS‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Solaris‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Unix-Linux‬‬
‫‪Open Source‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪BSD‬‬ ‫التحتاج الي ترخيص للحصول عليه‬
‫• يعمل أوال عند تشغيل جهاز الكمبيوتر‬
‫• من البرامج الضرورية والهامة للتحكم وإدارة جهاز الكمبيوتر نظام التشغيل‬
‫• يقوم نظام التشغيل بالتأكد من دخول المستخدم بكلمة السر الخاصة به للحصول على‬
‫المعلومات من على جهاز الكمبيوتر‬

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 :Functions of Operating System

 Is necessary on high-powered personal computers.

‫ضروري يجب تنزيلة أوال في الكمبيوتر‬

 The first program to load when you start the

computer.
‫يتم تحميلة بمجرد تشغيل الجهاز‬

 Controls devices connected to the PC.

‫يتحكم في اجزاء الكمبيوتر‬

 Instructs the screen to display data entered with the

keyboard.
‫يتحكم في ظهور كل ما يكتب علي لوحة المفاتيح علي الشاشة‬

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 Operating System (O.S)
• DOS
Disk Operating System
Does not have GUI

• Windows

• Unix
GUI = Graphical User Interface
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 GUI = Graphical User Interface
• You can open many application at the same time as your
memory capacity allows (Multitasking)
• Much easier to use than older version
• Using windows, icons and a mouse to operate a computer
• Allows you to interact very flexibly with your computer
‫يمكن بالتعامل بسهولة مع الجهاز وذلك باستخدام الماوس و االيقونات والتعامل من خالل نوافذ موحدة‬

56 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21

 Advantages of GUI
• Provide an easy way to use computer ‫طريقة ســهلة لــلتعـامل معـ اــلجهـاز‬

• All programs look similar ‫اــلتشابههـ فـــيواـجهـاتاــلبراـمج‬

• Application programs work underlying the operating system in the same

way ‫تــعمل اــلبراـمج بــنفساــلطريقة‬

• Switch between program supplied by different manufacturers will be easy

‫يمكن التنقل بين البرامج المختلفة للشركات المختلفة‬

• Allows programmers to write their programs

‫يسمح بكتابة البرامج‬

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58 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Applications
•Creating letters, faxes or memos etc. Word Processing
•Creating letters and business documents
•Produce a catalogue containing graphics
‫يخرج قائمة تشمل رسومات‬
‫يستخدم لعمل ملفاتك الشخصية والعملية‬
•Make financial projections. ‫حـساباتماــلية‬ A spreadsheet
•Computerized solution ‫إلـجراء اــلعملياتاــلحسابية‬ Application
•Calculating payroll of staff ‫إلــحتساباــلمرتبات‬
•Produce charts and graphs
‫يخرج رسم بيانى و رسومات‬
•Working out budgets
•‫تستخدم لتنفيذ الحسابات الخاصة بالميزانيات‬
• ‫تستخدم في عمل حسابات نفقاتك والموازنات‬
62 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Applications
•Payroll and stock control An Accounting
‫قائمة الرواتب و مراقبة المخزون‬ Application
•Is used to track the movement of stocks and
share.
•Producing a newspaper with Create overhead A presentation
projection or slides. Application

•Sorting large amounts of information. A Database

•To store (census information)‫اــلتعـداد اــلسكاني‬ Application
•to maintain patient medical details in a hospital
•Creating a list of contact details.
‫•تستخدم في عمل قواعد بيانات للحسابات في البنوك‬
‫ والشركات‬...‫• تستخدم في عمل قواعد بيانات في المستشفيات‬
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 Applications
Publishing applications
Adobe
Photoshop

Web authoring Applications MS. front

page

Designing CAD

to produce pictures.. Graphics

Publishing magazine Quark Express

Songs and clips Multimedia

applications
64 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Applications
Producing a newspaper with complex page Desktop
layouts Publishing
Producing complex magazine layouts.

To view web pages ‫يــعـرضصــفحاتا ـإلنترنت‬ A web browser

Create interactive learning material A multimedia

‫صنع المواد التفاعلية للتعليم‬ application

65 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21

 ‫مقارنة بين‬
Operating System Applications
‫نظام التشغيل‬ ‫البرامج التطبيقية‬

Sets up the look and feel of You can run more than one at the
your computer interface same time
‫يقدم واجهة للحاسب يتفاعل معها المستخدم‬ ‫يمكن التتعامل مع أكثر من واحد فى نفس الوقت‬

Controls the hardware and This can be used to edit data files
software of your computer
‫يمكنك الكتابة فى الملف‬
‫تتحكم عن طريقه فى المكونات المادية للحاسب‬

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67 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Documents Should be printed
‫وثائقيــفضل طباعتهـا‬
Documents that need
careful proof-reading
Planning application ‫وثيقة تحتاج لتأكيد التنبية‬
‫خطة العمل‬

Contacts
‫العقود‬
Academic certificates
‫الشهادات‬
Guarantees
‫الضمانات‬

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 Electronic documents help to save paper
(Can be distributed electronically)
‫تــساعد اــلوثائقا ـإلـلكترـونية عليتــوفـير اــلورق‬
Help for a software Staff announcements
application ‫إبالغ أو إعالن الموظفين‬
‫المساعدة في البرامج التطبيقية‬
Working drafts of
Documents that are lengthy report
regularly updated ‫تقرير طويل إلشخاص يتم‬
‫الملفات التي يتم تعديلها بصفة‬ ‫إرسالهم إلى مهمة ما‬
‫مستمرة‬
E-mail messages
‫الرسائل البريدية‬

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 ‫انواع البرامج التي يمكن الحصول عليها‬
‫من االنترنت‬
• Free ware ‫بــدوندفـعـ مقابل مادي‬
– can use without the need for any payment

• Share ware ‫لــلتجربة فـــترة زمنية قــيل شــراءه‬

– can try free of charge before buying
– software that you try for free but pay for keeping it

• Multi-user ‫يــستخدمـ منقــبل أـكثر منمستخدمـ‬

– can be use for more than one user
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71 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 ‫تعريف االنـترنت‬
1. A global network of computers providing
services such as e-mail
‫شبكة عالمية من الحاسبات لتقديم خدمة البريد اإللكتروني‬

2. Linked computer system that form a vast

global network
‫نظام يربط اجهزة الكمبيوتر لتكوين شبكة تشمل العالم‬

3. A global network of computers linked

together using communications equipment
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 About Internet
• Allows computers to share date over large distance

• It’s not controlled by any single organization

• It enabled computers with different operating system

to exchange data

• Can be accessed using a browser

• Notice : you do not need a license to

publish your material on the internet

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 World Wide Web
Description :
• A Vast collection of linked documents
held on computers all over the world
‫مجموعة كبيرـة من الوثائق المرتبطة حملت على الحاسبات من‬
‫جميع أنحاء العالم‬

• Can be accessed using a browser

‫يمكن الوصول إليه بإستخدام برـنامج لتصفح اإلنترنت‬
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 Information Network
WAN MAN LAN

Wide Area Metropolitan LOCAL Area

Network Area Network Network
type of network that type of network that
links computers in links computers in
different cities or a single site or
countries location
‫تربط األجهزة فى أماكن‬ ‫تربط األجهزة فى نفس المكان‬
‫مختلفة أو دول مختلفة‬
Cables
Satellite
Network Ethernet
card card
75 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 ‫المودم‬ ‫يفضل النظام‬
‫الرقمي مقابل‬
MODEM ‫النظام‬
Satellites ‫التماثلي‬

MODEM is used
to connect to
the Internet

Baud rate is kb/sec Most of modems rate 56 kb/sec

Mod
dem +
Modulation Demodulation
Modem
device that links computers to telephone networks by converting digital and analog signals
‫يربط المودم الحاسب بشبكة التليفون وتحول اإلشارات الرقمية إلى تماثلية والعكس‬

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 Baud rate
• the speed of connecting to the internet is
called Baud rate

A 14.4 Kbps modem transfers data more slowly

.than a 56 Kbps modem
‫ كيلو بايت أقل سرعة من الذى‬14 ‫المودم الذى ينقل بيانات بسرعة‬
‫ كيلوبايت‬56 ‫ينقل‬
Baud rate kb/sec Most of modems rate 56 kb/sec

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 Digital & Analogue
transfer Rat

Display second, minute Display full range of

& hole number number including fraction

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 Internet Requires
• Hardware :
• modem
• network card
‫كارت الشبكة من وحدات‬
‫الكمبيوتر التي تستخدم لتوصيل‬
‫جهاز الكمبيوتر بالشبكة‬
ISP= Internet Service Provider
‫تعنى مقدمى خدمات االنترنت‬
79
• Software :
• Internet browser
–Internet Explorer
–Netscape navigator
• Search Engines
Is a location of information on
the internet can be obtained
by using a database
َ ‫ت ُي ْمكِنُ أَنْ ُت ْح‬
‫صل َ عليها‬ ِ ‫ت على اإلنترن‬
ِ ‫مواقع المعلوما‬
‫بإستعمال قاعدة البيانات مثل‬
–Yahoo
–Google
Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 )LAN(
 placations can be shared over a LAN.

 Authorized users can access and use data stored

anywhere on a LAN.

 Telecommunication services can be shared over

a LAN.

 Large data files can be transferred between

computers using a LAN.

 Possible for users of a LAN to share printers.

‫•المستخدمون المرخص لهم فقط يمكن لهم الوصول وإستخدام البيانات من أى مكان فى الشبكة المحلية‬
‫•البيانات الكبيرة يمكن نقلها بين األجهزة المستخدمة فى الشبكة المحلية‬
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81 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Distinction bet. Internet &
intranet
• Internet
Public network

• Intranet
Privet network

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 Intranet
• A network, using e-mail and web, within a single
organization.
• Can be accessed by authorized members of the
same organization
• Allows outsiders who have password to gain limited
access to information
• Share information within a company
• Use internet technologies to allow users to :
– Access documents
– Search database
– Schedule meetings
– Send emails

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84 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Distinction bet. Intranet &
Extranet
• Extranet
is an internet partially
accessible to authorize
outsiders
• It’s used for business partners
to access share information
• Shares data between two or
more organizations

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86 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Telephone Network in
Computing
DSL ADSL ISDN PSDN PSTN

Digital Asymmetric Integrated Public Public

Subscriber Digital Service Switched Switched
Line Subscriber Digital Data Telephone
Line Network Network Network
46,128 kb/sec
Downstream rate from to 8 Mbps
Upstream rate from 16 to 640 Kbps

Telex Fax Satellites

‫بالحاب‬/‫بالتليفون‬
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 ISDN
• Integrated Services Digital Network
• The range of voice, computer messages and other services
provided by ISDN
• a digital line, used for both voice and data
• ‫خط رقمى يستخدم فى التعامل مع الصوت والبيانات‬

PSDN
Public Analog Telephone network

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89 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 ‫مزايا البريداإللكتروني‪e-mail‬‬

‫أسرع من البريد العادي (فوري)‬ ‫•‬

‫أرخص من البريد العادي‬ ‫•‬
‫يمكن قراءته في أي مكان‬ ‫•‬
‫يمكن إرسالها لعدة أشخاص في آن واحد‬ ‫•‬
‫يمكن تجنب الرسائل الغير مرغوب فيها (‪)Spamming‬‬ ‫•‬
‫يتم حماية الدخول إليها بواسطة (‪)Pass Word‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ال يتطلب أن يكون المرسل إليه علي الجانب اآلخر في نفس الوقت‬ ‫•‬
‫يمكن إرساله محليا (‪ )LAN‬أو دوليا (‪)WAN‬‬ ‫•‬
‫البريد الصوتي ‪( Voice mail‬تخزين الرسالة ثم عرضها الحقا)‬ ‫•‬

‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪Wafaa Saleh‬‬ ‫‪12/08/21‬‬

 E-mail
• E-mail stands for electronic mail

• The best activity suitable for e-mail is

– Sharing files between workers at
different locations

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92 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Computer Viruses
?What are computer viruses
• The virus is a small program infects PCs

‫تحميل الملفات من االنترنت يسبب خطورة‬

?How do viruses infect PCs
• When you access the disk, the virus starts
• The virus can spread from one computer to another

?How to prevent virus damage

Install a virus protection system
Not software against hacking or password security

 Never connect to the Internet unless you have a virus-checking program

 To protect the computer from viruses (install a virus protection application)
 Anti-virus should be kept up-to-date
93 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 ‫تعريفات‬
About Virus
 A computer virus is a program that can make the
hard disk unusable on a computer

 Virus Can usually be detected by anti-virus software

 Virus Can be introduced when new software is

installed
‫يحذف‬
 Deleting an infected file will not eliminate the virus.

 To prevent virus-infected software being used on

computer use Anti virus

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 Anti-virus software
 Anti-virus software can disable a virus on
your computer
 Anti-virus software cannot detect all known
viruses
 Before accessing the internet, you need to
run a virus check.
 Disinfecting = Anti-virus software can
disable a virus on your computer
‫يستطيع برنامج مكافح الفيروسات من إيقاف نشاط أى فيروس داخل‬
‫الحاسب‬

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 Anti-virus practice ‫مقارنة‬
Good Poor
Deleting e-mail from Opening e-mail from
unknown sources unknown sources
‫إلغاء البريد اإللكترونى الغير‬ ‫فتح البريد اإللكترونى الغير محدد‬
‫محدد المصدر‬ ‫المصدر‬

Putting a virus- Downloading and

checked disk in a running free software
floppy drive from the web
‫تفعيل مضاد الفيروسات لفحص‬ ‫تحميل و تشغيل البرامج المجانية من‬
‫القرص المرن‬ ‫المواقع‬
Regularly visit the Ensure that no
web-site of the anti- updates are made to
virus software your anti-virus
supplier
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 Anti-virus practice ‫مقارنة‬
Good Poor
Running an anti- Opening unknown e-
virus to check e- mail attachments
mail attachment ‫فتح مرفقات البيريبد غير معلومة‬
‫يعمل البرنامج لفحص‬ ‫المصدر‬
‫المرفقات‬
Updating anti-virus
software once a year
Scheduling virus
‫يحدث مرة في السنة‬
checks to run once a
day Running a software
‫عمل فحص دوري للفيروس‬ that have received
from your E-mail
‫تشغيل أي برنامج تم ارساله‬
‫بالبريد‬

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 avoid the risk
of spreading a computer virus
Helps Doesn’t help

Scanning all Only copying

unfamiliar disks with applications from your
anti-virus software close friends

Write-protecting all Rebooting your PC if

copies of application you find a file that is
disks once they have infected
been checked

Virus scanning all

application before
loading them onto
your hard disk

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99 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Security
• backup
• Organize the computer
• Incremental backup
• “off-site” storage
• open files
• password
• Shutting down comp.
• UPS = (Un-interruptible Power Supply)
• Electrical surge protection

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101 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Tape backup
‫احذر الملفات المفتوحة‬

Complete Incremental
backup backup

DAT (Digital Audio Tape)

the process of backup =‫وجود نــسخة مناــلملفاتفـــىمكانيــن‬

•Keeping copies of data in two locations
•Copy computer files in a separate storage device
102 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Backup files
• It’s important to backup files to external
storage device so that :
• You still have files stored in external location
if the building with your PC is flooded
• Original files can be restored from backup if
someone on the Two network deletes files
by mistake from deferent locations
• You can restore your files from backup if you
lose your laptop

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104 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 IDs and Passwords
ID Password
Must be unique on
the network Should be changed
regularly
‫يجب أن يكون فريد غير متكرر‬ ‫ينصح بالتغيير المستمر فيها‬

Identifies a specific Ensures that the

user on a network person logging on is
‫يعرف شخص معين أو محدد‬ who they say they
are
‫تضمن أن الشخص الذى قام‬
Not confidential
‫بالدخول هو الشخص الصحيح‬
‫غير سرية‬

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 Good password policy
for an organization
 All passwords are changed regularly.
 Passwords should contain both letters and
numbers‫يــنصح أـنتــكونمنأرقامـ وحروف‬
 computer files can be prevented by
using Password
 Password should be only known by the
user‫معـروفة لــلمستخدمـ فـــقط يــنصح أـنتــكون‬

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107 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 What will happen if
‫ماذا يــحدثلــو‬
• A mobile phone which has been insured but not password
protected has been stolen
Misuse of confidential numbers.
‫سوء إستخدام األرقام السرية أو الخاصة‬
• A laptop which has been password protected, but not backed
up, has been stolen
Work stored on the laptop will be lost.
‫العمل المخزن على الحاسب سوف يفقد‬
• A PDA which has been backed up - but not password protected
- has been stolen
Misuse of confidential files and telephone numbers
‫ســوء إـستخداـمـ اــلملفاتواــألرقامـ اــلسرية‬

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109 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 ‫ االمان‬Safety
1. Overloaded point
– Surge suppressor = An equipment that attached to computer
to stop large volts of electricity ‫اـستخداـمـ مشترك جـيد‬
– More than one computer should not use the same power
socket
2. the cable
– Leaving power cable unsecured= demonstrate poor health
and safety practice‫عدمـ تــأميناــلكابالت‬

3. A good working environment

– Use of a monitor filter to reduce the glare ‫فـــلتر لــلشاشة‬
– A good level of ventilation in the room.‫تــهـوية جـيدة‬

• Never touch internal parts of the PC.

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 What do you do when the
computer breaks down
• Do not attempt to open the comp. case
& investigate……(monitor has a very
high voltage to kill )

• Check connections of external

components (mouse, keyboard,
monitor, network)

111 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21

• Things computer like
Good ventilation
Clean environment
Stable, vibration free surface
• Things to avoid
Dust
Drinking, eating on keyboard
Heat, cold
Moisture
Do not move the sys. When it is switched on
Correct switch off
Do not place objects on monitor
Do not place FD near monitors

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 Good Workspace
(Health)
• Chair
– Reduce the risk of neck, back and shoulder pain, by Using a
fully adjustable operator’s chair
– Bad posture (cause neck ache & backache)

• Screen
– avoid Glare from screens (cause eyes strain)
– Reduce the risk of eye-strain by using an anti-glare filter on
your monitor
– The better monitor, the better resolution &higher refresh
rate
– Having your eyes level with the top of your monitor

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 Good Workspace
• Keyboard
– Elbow and rest support (90o)
• Feet
– Sitting at the computer ( footrest)
• Mouse
– (Pad to rest your arm)
• frequent Breaks
– to avoid Repetitive Strain Injury
• Other factors
– Work area
– Ventilation (laser printer produce ozone )
114 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 a good working environment
‫بــيئة اــلعمل اــلجيدة‬
• Adequate lighting

• reduce the risk of

– eye-strain by using an anti-glare filter on your monitor not
increase the contrast or reducing color depth
– eye-strain by Having your eyes level with the top of your
monitor
– repetitive strain injury by taking frequent breaks form your
work
– neck, back and shoulder pain, by Using a fully adjustable
operator’s chair
• Elbow and rest support
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 System Development
How computer based system

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117 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Computers might be more
appropriate than people
 Repetitive tasks ‫اــلمهـامـ اــلمتكررة‬
 Easily automated tasks
 Mathematical calculations ‫اــلحساباتاــلمعقدة‬
 Dangerous situations ‫اــلمهـامـ اــلخطرة‬

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 people might be more
appropriate than Computers
 When a computer is limited
 Diagnosing medical cases
 Despite of e-commerce, Real person
is preferred in sales
 Ordering cinema tickets
 Deal with mess (arrange a room)
 Recognizing & interpreting shapes
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120 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Computers at home
 Calculate income & expenditure
 Games
 Homework
 Home banking
 Connecting to the Web

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 Tele - working
• Reduced or zero computing
time
• Greater ability to focus on one
task
• Flexible schedules
• Reduced office desk space
requirements

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 Computers in
education
• Student registration & time table
• CBT = Computer Based Training
• Using the Internet as a homework resources
• Distance learning systems (e-learning)
Advantages  Disadvantages
Location (any) No opportunity to ask a question
Time (any) Internet connection may fail
Cost (less)
Cost for connection time in a minute
Download speed (slow)
Time to produce e-learning packages
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 computer uses in education.

Computer based
Uses traditional
education
methods
Organizing student
‫ جـدول‬timetables Coaching ‫ تــعليمـ‬students
with learning difficulties

Distance learning Helping students with

‫التعليم عن بعد‬ career advice

Using the Web for Provide student

‫ اــلبحث‬research ‫ نــصيحة‬counseling

Researching
homework on the
internet

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 Computers in work
 Stock Control
 Accounts / payroll
 Voice Mail / Fax
 E-mail

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 The use of some
programs in work
 Word processing letters
 Spreadsheets Calculate balances
 Databases Extract specific information
 Presentation Produce professional presentations
 Graphics Produce adverts, posters
 Translation programs Electronically convert text
from one language to another

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 Computers in
business
• Run business administration
systems
• Airline booking system
• Insurance claims processing
• Online banking

127 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21

 computer in business.

Insurance claim Online banking Business

Airline booking
processing ‫األعمال المصرفية‬ Administration
‫حجز شركة الطيران‬
‫التأمين‬
ِ ‫معالجة طلب‬ ‫إدارة األعمال‬
‫على اإلنترنت‬

 Check policy  Administer

 Check
details.  Check an  Employee
timetables.
‫فحص تفاصيل البوليصه‬ account. Transfer payrolls.
 Check ticket
 Analyze statistics funds.  Process orders.
availability.
to estimate premiums  Apply for loans.  Track invoices.
‫اإلحصائيات ل َتخمين‬
َ ‫تحليل‬
.‫األقساط‬
Provide quotes for
premiums
.

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 Electronic-banking
• Managing your money online
instead of going to a local real
branch
• Move money from one place to
anther
• Some online banks have
physical branches, some do
not
• Security considerations (poor)

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 Computers in
government
• Census information‫اــلتعـداد اــلسكاني‬
Database - ‫يستخدم فيه قواعد البيانات‬
• Vehicle registration ‫اــلمرور‬
• Electronic collection‫اــلضراـئب‬
• Electronic voting‫اــلتصويت‬

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 computer in government.
Public information Public record Administration
systems systems systems
‫أنظمة السجالت الشعبية‬ ‫أنظمة اإلدارة أو التحكم‬
‫أنظمة المعلومات الشعبية‬
‫العامة أو اإلعالن‬
•Store census •Handle social
•Announce policy information. welfare payments
documents online. ‫جمع النفاقات لعمل رفاهية‬
‫أعالن سياسة توثيق على اإلنترنت‬ •Store passport details. ‫إجتماعية‬
‫تخزين معلومات عن إحصاء‬
•Notify citizens of ‫السكان‬ •Collect television
government decisions. license fees.
‫إعالن قرارات الحكومة للموطنين‬ •Vehicle registration ‫جمع أجور رخص التليفزيون‬
listing.
•Public health •Income tax‫اــلضراـئب‬
‫تخزين تفاصيل جواز السفر‬
warnings. Payment form

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 Computers in
hospitals / healthcare
 Patient record system‫لمرضى‬--‫سجيلا‬---‫ت‬
 Ambulance control system
 Diagnostic & specialist surgical
equipment ‫لمتقدمة‬--‫حاتا‬-‫لجرا‬--‫لتشخيصوعملا‬--‫ا‬
 in a hospital to maintain patient medical
details
 Tracking treatment costs ‫لعالج‬--‫ليفا‬--‫كا‬---‫ ت‬-‫تبع‬---‫ت‬
 Providing a medical database ‫اعدة‬--‫عملق‬
‫ياناتطبية‬---‫ب‬

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133 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Electronic -commerce
 To purchase online
 The most famous site is (Amazon. COM)
 Use a virtual “shopping cart”
 Checkout
 Your name
 Your address
 Select the type of delivery & payment
details

EFT = Electronic Found Transfer

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 E-commerce
 buys or sells goods and services online.
 E-commerce offers access to goods around
the clock.
 You are at risk from insecure payment
method.
 The consumers rights of the supplier’s
country apply. ‫بــلد اــلمورد‬
 It’s more difficult to return goods purchased
online than goods bought in a shop.
 Transaction can occur anywhere in the
world.

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 Electronic -commerce
Advantages Disadvantages
• Services available • Possible credit card
24/7 Fraud ‫ل‬--‫حتيا‬
( ‫ال‬--‫مكانية ا‬-‫)ا‬
• Large stock rang • Is the web site
• Detailed product genuine(‫ئف‬-‫)حقيقيغير زا‬
information
• • Returning faulty goods
Ability to compare
prices (return policy)
• Equal delivery to town • Covered purchasing
& country from other country
• Right to return (law)
defective good • Can not talk to a real
person

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 Computers in Daily Life
• Accounts (monthly budget • Smart ID cards
• Games • Supermarkets
• Educational • On-line
• Tele-working supermarkets
• Internet • Libraries
• Bank ’hole in the • Doctors surgeries
wall’ cash machines
• On-line banking

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 Changing World
• The concept of
“information society”
“Information Superhighway”
• Link computer together & access
information stored on other computers
• Year 2000 issues
• E-commerce = buying & selling via the
Internet

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139 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Copyright
• Software on the Internet
– Freeware
– Shareware

• Site licenses (companies

purchasing license)

‫نسخ البرامج التجارية عمل غير قانوني‬

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 copyright
 You can make a backup CD of software bought for your own use.
‫تستطيع عمل نسخة من البرنامج كنسخة إحتياطية إلستخدامك الشخصى‬

Publishing digital work on disk requires permission of the copyright

holder.
َ
‫رخصة من صاحب حق النسخ‬ ُ ‫القرص َيتط ّل‬
‫ب‬ ِ ‫العمل الرقميِ على‬
ِ ‫نشر‬

Audio files on the internet are subject to copyright

‫الملفات المسموعة خاضعة لحقوق النسخ على اإلنترنت‬

Copyrights provides control over how other people make disk copies of
someone’s work.
‫عمل شخص ما‬
ِ ‫قرص من‬
ِ ‫حقوق الطبع السيطر ًة على األشخاص الذين َي ْعملونَ نسخ‬
ُ ّ ‫ُت‬
‫زو ُد‬

Publishing digital work on disk requires permission of the copyright

holder
َ
‫رخصة من صاحب حق النسخ‬ ُ ‫القرص َيتط ّل‬
‫ب‬ ِ ‫العمل الرقميِ على‬
ِ ‫نشر‬

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142 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 Data Protection Act
• Rules on processing of personal
information about individuals
Personal data must be

1. Obtained & processed fairly & lawfully.

2. Held for specified & lawful purposes.
3. Used or disclosed in any manner incompatible with its purpose.
4. Adequate not excessive in other purpose.
5. Accurate data shall be kept up-to-date.
6. shall not be kept for longer than necessary for the purpose.
7. An individual must be entitled without delay when corrected or
erased.
8. Data held must be respected & security must be taken against
unauthorized access to, or alteration, disclosure or destruction
143 Wafaa Saleh 12/08/21
 data protection legislation
‫بيانات‬
ِ ‫ل‬--‫حماية ا‬
ِ -‫شري ِع‬---‫ت‬

 safeguard the privacy of individuals’

personal data ِ‫تفاصيل اــلشخصية‬
ِ ‫ســرية وقايةِ اــل‬
 Can result in litigation‫ مسائلة قــضائية‬if
personal data is not adequately
protected.
 Obliges ‫ يــجبرـ‬organizations to protect
confidential data within their control.

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 ‫ حق التعامل مع البيانات‬access rights

 Are intended to protect a company’s

intellectual property.
‫ية‬-‫كة بحماية الملكية الفكر‬-‫يجب أن تعتنى الشر‬

 Determine which files individuals can

read or change on a network.
‫تحديد الملفات الفردية التى يتم تعديلها وتغيرها على الشبكة‬

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 organization’s information security
policy

 Deals with the handling confidential

data
‫القيام بمعالجة البيانات السرية‬
These items contain These items do not
sensitive data need protection

Research on new Contact details for

products sales enquiries

Management
accounts Training materials

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