BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Inputting
Storing
Processing
Outputting
Controlling
1.Input:
It is the process of feeding data and instructions to a computer system
2. Store:
It is the process of saving the data and instruction for the use of the system as and when
required.
3. Processing:
It is the way of carrying out arithmetic(addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) or
logical(comparison) operations on data in order to convert them to useful information.
4. Output:
It is the process of presenting the final result for the user in printed or visual display format.
INPUT UNIT
Keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner smartcard, microphone.
Primary Storage
RAM, ROM, PROM EPROM, Flash.
OUTPUT UNIT
Display Screen, Printer, Plotter, Speaker.
Secondary Storage
Magnetic disk, Optical disk, Solid state memory.
Indicate control flow for proper operation
5. Control:
It is the most important operation of the computer in which all four operations described
above are coordinated and synchronized.
Though the internal architecture of different computers vary from one system to another,
the basic organization remains the same.
PRIMARY STORAGE
A primary storage device is any storage device or component
that can store volatile data in computers, servers and other
computing devices. It is used to hold/store data and
applications temporarily or for a shorter period of time while
the computer is running.
Primary storage is also known as main storage, main memory
or internal memory.
Random access memory (RAM), and cache memory(Cache
memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory
that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores
frequently used computer programs, applications and data.)
are common examples of primary storage devices.
As soon as the computer system switches off or resets,
the information held in primary storage is erased.
Limited storage capacity
Expensive
SECONDARY STORAGE
A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile
storage device that is internal or external to the
computer. It can be any storage device beyond the
primary storage that enables permanent data storage.
A secondary storage device is also known as an
auxiliary storage device or external storage.
SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage devices are primarily referred to a
storage devices.
These devices store all programs and applications
stored on a computer, including the operating system,
device drivers, applications and general user data.
Most of the secondary storage devices are internal to
the computer such as the hard disk drive, the tape disk
drive and even the compact disk drive and floppy disk
drive.
 System Unit
Working of CPU
The CPU
The CPU
CPU stands for central processing unit, it is brain of computer

It is most important component of the computer. it is also

called processor.
Converts data into information

It continually receives instructions to execute. Each

instruction tells CPU to process data.
CPU performs all operations on data according to the given

instructions.
It executes instructions and tells other parts of computers what
to do.
Most of the work consists of calculations and data transfer.
Two parts
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
CU
 Control Unit is an important component of CPU. It acts

Like a supervisor of the computer.

 It controls all activities of the computer system

 All the computers resources are managed from the control

unit.
 Think of the control unit as a traffic signal directing the flow

of data through the CPU.

 The CPU´s instruction for carrying out
commands are built into the control unit.
 The instruction or instruction set, list all the

operations that the CPU can perform.

 Each instruction in the instruction set is

expressed in microcode– a series of basic

directions that tell the CPU how to execute more
complex operations.
Control Unit
CU
 It performs the following operations:
1. It fetches(gets) or retrieve instruction from main memory.
2. It interprets(understands) the instruction to find what
operation is to be performed.
3. It controls the execution of instruction. The control unit
determines the sequence in which computer programs
and instructions are executed
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
ALU
ALU is a part of CPU. Actual Execution of instructions takes place in this
part. All Arithmetic and Logical operations are performed in ALU.

It consists of two units

 Arithmetic Unit

Performs arithmetic operations

 Logic Unit

Performs logical operations

Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions
Makes comparisons
Can compare
Numbers
Letters
Special characters
ALU
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the
fundamental building block of the central processing unit
(CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful
and complex ALUs.
ALU
The ALU performs these operations.

ALU includes a group of registers--- high speed memory

locations built directly into the CPU that are used to hold the
data currently being processed.
ALU will use the register to hold the data currently being used

for calculation.
For example
CU might load two numbers from memory into the registers in

the ALU.
Then it might tell the ALU divide the two numbers (an

arithmetic operation) or to see whether the numbers are equal

(a logical operation).
The answer to this calculation will be stored in another register

before being sent out of the CPU.

The Information
Processing Cycle
What is the Information Processing Cycle?
These are the steps that are taken to convert raw facts,
which is data, into information. It starts with data
collection.
The 4 basic operations of the information processing
cycle are input, processing, output, storage and/or
distribution.
A computer is the machine that performs the cycle.

22
IP Cycle:

23
Input: Transforming Data into Information
Key Terms
 Command– A type of input that tells the program what
to do.
 Confirmation– A message that indicates if the command
was or was not carried out.
 Keyboard– Enables the user to input characters.

 Pointing device– Enables the user to move an on–screen

pointer.
 Speech-recognition– A program that enables the
computer to transcribe spoken words into text.
24
Processing: Transforming Data into Information
 Central processing unit (CPU)– The computer’s
processing circuitry. It is also called a microprocessor.
 Chip– Chips are placed together with different amounts
of memory storage space on them in a central processing
unit.
 Motherboard– The computer’s main circuit board.

 Memory– Chips that store program instructions.

Random access memory (RAM) is the most important
type.
 Expansion card– Used to connect peripherals
(input/output devices) to the motherboard.

25
Machine cycles
Each time the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series
of steps.
The completed series of steps is called machine cycles.
A machine cycle itself can be broken down into two smaller
cycles-
1. Instruction cycle
2. Execution cycle
Machine cycle - fetch► decode► execute► store
Instruction Execution Cycle
The CPU continuously transfer data to and from memory

Data transfer is done in units called instruction or words

When computer is switched on, the CPU continuously

goes through a process called Fetch-Decode-Execute-Store.

Example
 What happens when you load up a game from disk into
your computer? The program is stored as data, for example
on a disc. You have to read that data, and store it in the
memory of your computer. When you have done that, you
can treat it as a program, (i.e. as a set of instructions) and
run (execute) it.
Instruction Execution Cycle

At the beginning of machine cycle (that is during the

instruction cycle), The CPU takes two steps:

INSTRUCTION CYCLE
1. FETCHING:
 Before CPU can execute an instruction ,the control unit must
retrieve a command or data from the computer’s memory.

2. DECODING:
 Before a command can be executed ,the control unit must break
down (or decode) the command into instruction that
correspond to those in the CPU’ s instruction set
Execution Cycle

At this point, the CPU is ready to begin the execution cycle:

Execution Cycle

1. Executing:
 When the command is executed, the CPU carries out the instructions in
order by converting them into microcode.

2. Storing:
 The CPU may be required to store the results of an instruction in
memory (but this condition is not always required).
 Steps of Machine Cycle

Multiplication of two numbers: