DBMS

• Database – logical group of related files.

• A DBMS is a complex set of software programs
that controls the organization, storage,
management, and retrieval of data in a database
. DBMS are categorized according to their data
structures or types, some time DBMS is also
known as Data base Manager. It is a set of
prewritten programs that are used to store,
update and retrieve a Database.
• Data files can be centralized or distributed.
 Disadvantages of older file system
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Data isolation
• Integrity problems
• Atomicity problems
• Concurrent access anomalies
• Security problems
 Benefits of DBMS
• Improved strategic use of corporate data
• Reduced complexity of the organization’s information systems
environment
• Reduced data redundancy and inconsistency
• Enhanced data integrity
• Application-data independence
• Improved security
• Reduced application development and maintenance costs
• Improved flexibility of information systems
• Increased access and availability of data and information
• Logical & Physical data independence
• Concurrent access anomalies.
• facilate atomicity problem.
• Provides central control on the system through DBA.
 Logical vs physical view
• A database management system provides
the ability for many different users to share
data and process resources. But as there can
be many different users, there are many
different database needs. The question now
is: How can a single, unified database meet
the differing requirement of so many users?
• A DBMS minimizes these problems by providing two views of
the database data: a physical view and a logical view. The
physical view deals with the actual, physical arrangement and
location of data in the direct access storage devices (DASDs).
Database specialists use the physical view to make efficient
use of storage and processing resources. Users, however, may
wish to see data differently from how they are stored, and they
do not want to know all the technical details of physical
storage. After all, a business user is primarily interested in
using the information, not in how it is stored. The logical
view/user’s view, of a database program represents data in a
format that is meaningful to a user and to the software
programs that process those data. That is, the logical view tells
the user, in user terms, what is in the database. One strength of
a DBMS is that while there is only one physical view of the
data, there can be an endless number of different logical views.
This feature allows users to see database information in a more
business-related way rather than from a technical, processing
viewpoint. Thus the logical view refers to the way user views
data, and the physical view to the way the data are physically
stored and processed
 Data independence

• Logical data independence -Logical data

independence is the ability to modify the
conceptual schema without having alteration in
external schemas or application programs.
Alterations in the conceptual schema may
include addition or deletion of fresh entities,
attributes or relationships and should be
possible without having alteration to existing
external schemas or having to rewrite
application programs.
 Physical data independence

• Physical data independence is the ability to

modify the inner schema without having
alteration to the conceptual schemas or
application programs. Alteration in the internal
schema might include.
* Using new storage devices.
* Using different data structures.
* Switching from one access method to another.
* Using different file organizations or storage
structures.
* Modifying indexes
 Function of database admin.
• Schema definition
• Storage structure and access method
definition
• Schema and physical organization
modification
• Granting of authorization for data access
• Integrity-constraints specification
 Concepts
• Data- it is referred to facts concerning objects
and events that could be recorded and stored on
computer media
• Information- data that have been processed in
such a way as to increase the knowledge of the
person who uses the data
• Meta data- data that describe the properties of
end user data, and the context of that data
 Terms used
• These words are used often in Access so you will want to become familiar
with them before using the program and this tutorial.
• A database is a collection of related information.
• An object is a competition in the database such as a table, query, form, or
macro.
• A table is a grouping of related data organized in fields (columns) and
records (rows) on a datasheet. By using a common field in two tables, the
data can be combined. Many tables can be stored in a single database.
• A field is a column on a datasheet and defines a data type for a set of
values in a table. For a mailing list table might include fields for first name,
last name, address, city, state, zip code, and telephone number.
• A record in a row on a datasheet and is a set of values defined by fields. In
a mailing list table, each record would contain the data for one person as
specified by the intersecting fields.
• Design View provides the tools for creating fields in a table.
• Datasheet View allows you to update, edit, and delete in formation from a
table
 Entity
• It is something that can be identified in the
users work environment
• Employee, student , course, stock ,
automobile, chair, table e.t.c. are all real
world objects and are treated as entity.
 E-R model
• E-R model-a logical representation of the
data for an organization or for a business
area
• A graphical representation of an entity-
relationship model
• Strong entity- that exists independently of
other entity types
• Weak entity- whose existence depends on
some other entity type
 E-R model diagram

student Can have Parking

permit

Can
have

course
Student Permit no.
id no. Student name
Student Student id no.
name
Car type
address
Course no.
Course name
Course time
Course place
 Attribute
• A property or characteristic of an entity or
relationship type that is of interest to the
organization
• Simple or atomic attribute- that cannot be
broken down into smaller components that
are meaningful to the organization
• Composite attribute-that has meaningful
component parts
 Relationship
• A meaningful association between (or
among) entity types
• E.g. students and course offered
 DBMS components
• Data model
• DDL
• DML
• Data dictionary
 Data model
• How data is conceptually structured
1. Hierarchical
2. Network
3. Relational
4. Object-oriented
5. Hypermedia
6. multidimensional
 DDL - DML
• DDL-it defines what type of data there are in the
database and how they will be structured. DBMS
user defines views and schemas using ddl.
• DML- it is used with 3rd generation,4th gen. or
objected oriented languages to query the
contents of database
• Data dictionary- it stores definition of data
elements and data characteristics such as
individuals, business functions, programs and
reports that use the data elements, as well as
the physical representation, responsible parties
in the organization and security.
 Emerging data models
• Object oriented-it provides users view,
useful for companies with widely
distributed offices.
• Hypermedia – It stores information as
nodes connected by hyperlinks
established by the user.
• Multimedia – It can store data on many
media :sounds, video, images, graphic
animation and text.
 Data Warehouse
• Useful in identifying, accessing, and retrieving
the required information
• It is a relational or multidimensional database
management system to support management
decision making
• It contain current detailed data, historical
detailed data, highly summarized data and meta
data.
• A data warehouse is a repository of an
organization's electronically stored data. Data
warehouses are designed to facilitate reporting
and analysis.
 Benefits
Some of the benefits that a data warehouse provides are as follows:
• A data warehouse provides a common data model for all data of interest
regardless of the data's source. This makes it easier to report and analyze
information than it would be if multiple data models were used to retrieve
information such as sales invoices, order receipts, general ledger charges, etc.
• Prior to loading data into the data warehouse, inconsistencies are identified and
resolved. This greatly simplifies reporting and analysis.
• Information in the data warehouse is under the control of data warehouse users
so that, even if the source system data is purged over time, the information in
the warehouse can be stored safely for extended periods of time.
• Because they are separate from operational systems, data warehouses provide
retrieval of data without slowing down operational systems.
• Data warehouses facilitate decision support system applications such as trend
reports (e.g., the items with the most sales in a particular area within the last
two years), exception reports, and reports that show actual performance versus
goals.
• Data warehouses can work in conjunction with and, hence, enhance the value
of operational business applications, notably
customer relationship management (CRM) systems
 Data mining
• Data mining is the process of sorting through large
amounts of data and picking out relevant information. It
is usually used by business intelligence organizations,
and financial analysts, but is increasingly being used in
the sciences to extract information from the enormous
data sets generated by modern experimental and
observational methods. It has been described as "the
nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and
potentially useful information from data and the science
of extracting useful information from large data sets or
databases. Data mining in relation to
enterprise resource planning is the statistical and logical
analysis of large sets of transaction data, looking for
patterns that can aid decision making.
 Example
• Data mining has been cited as the method
by which the U.S. Army unit Able Danger
had identified the
September 11, 2001 attacks leader,
Mohamed Atta, and three other 9/11
hijackers as possible members of an
Al Qaeda cell operating in the U.S. more
than a year before the attack.
 Data mart
• It is a scale down version of a data warehouse
that focuses on a particular subject.
Reasons for creating a data mart
• Easy access to frequently needed data
• Creates collective view by a group of users
• Improves end-user response time
• Ease of creation
• Lower cost than implementing a full
Data warehouse
• Potential users are more clearly defined than in
a full Data warehouse
 Examples
• Oracle
• DB2
• Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise
• FileMaker
• Firebird
• Ingres
• Informix
• Microsoft Access
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Microsoft Visual FoxPro
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• Progress
• SQLite
• Teradata
• CSQL
• OpenLink Virtuoso