CHAPTER 1

1.7 ADVANTAGE OF
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 2
1.7.1 The Traditional Model of Science

• Theory
• Operationalisation
• Observation

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 3

1.7.2 Deductive and Inductive Models
The inductive model
• Moves from the particular to the general, form a set of specific
observations to the discovery of a pattern representing some
degree of order. This is a model in which general principles are
developed from specific observations.

The deductive model

• Moves from the general to the specific, from a pattern that
might be logically or theoretically expected to observations that
test whether the expected pattern actually occurs. This is a
model in which specific expectations of hypotheses are
developed on the basis of general principles.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 4
Relationship between the Inductive and Deductive Models

INDUCTION
Hypotheses Observation

Empirical
Theories
Generalisation
DEDUCTION

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 5

 CHAPTER 1

1.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF
A GOOD RESEARCH
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 6
1.8.1 Purpose Clearly Defined

• The research problem, research question and

research objective should be clearly stated without
any ambiguity.
• A researcher has to draw a clear understanding
between symptom of the organization’s problem, the
manager’s perception of the problem and the
research problem.

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 7

1.8.2 Research Process Detailed

• Research process and procedures used should be

described in sufficient detail to permit another
researcher to repeat the research. The researcher
should provide a complete proposal.

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 8

1.8.3 Well Planned Research

• The procedural research design should be carefully

planned to yield results that are as objective as
possible.
• The researcher should be knowledgeable in research
methodology which includes aspects such as
sampling procedures, data collection, measurement
of variables or instrumentation and analysis of data.

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 9

1.8.4 Limitation of Research

• The researcher should report, all limitations of

research in terms of research design procedures and
estimate their effect on the findings and conclusions.
• A competent researcher should be sensitive to the
effects of imperfect design, and his or her experience
in analysing the data should provide a basis for
estimating their influence.

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 10

1.8.5 Ethical Issues

• Ethical issues in research reflect the researcher’s

ability to be very transparent on the limitation of the
researcher and the accuracy in data handling.
• There should be no manipulation of data in order to
reflect desired findings. Furthermore, greater
confidence in the research is warranted if the
researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research, and is a person of integrity.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 11
 CHAPTER 1

1.9 THE MANAGER-

RESEARCHER
RELATIONSHIP
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 12
• Managers gather information
• Manager-researcher contribution to research
• Manager-researcher conflicts
• Decision-driven research

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 13

 CHAPTER 1

1.10 MANAGERIAL VALUE

OF BUSINESS
RESEARCH
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 14
• Identifying problems and opportunities
• Diagnosis and assessment
• Selecting and implementing a course of action
• Evaluating the course of action

Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 15

 CHAPTER 1
1.11 INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL
CONSULTANT/RESEARC
HER
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 16
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal and External Researcher
  Internal Researcher
 Researcher requires less time to have better
understanding on the background and nature of business
of the organization.
Advantages  Researchers will be available for implementing their
recommendations after their findings are accepted.
 Internal research team might cost less than an external
team.
 Research can be bias in their findings due to the fact they
are also an employee of the organization of study.
 Researchers might not be an expert in that particular area
Disadvantages
of study.
 There may be a conflict of interest in deriving to a
conclusive finding and recommendation.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques
External Researcher
 Researchers are free from any
form of biasness.
 Organization will have larger pool
of experience researcher from
external sources.
 External researchers are costlier
compared to internal researchers.
 More time is required by them to
understand the nature of the
problem and organization as well.
17
 CHAPTER 1

1.14 DEVELOPMENT OF
THEORIES
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 18
• Theory may enter into a research study in the following
ways:
1. Suggesting into a problem for study.
2. Giving a hypothesis to be tested.
3. Providing a conceptual model for delimiting the scope of the
study.
4. Helping in the selection of variables or identification of classes
of data to be collected.
5. Making research findings intelligible.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 19