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Substance Use:
Chemical Roulette
in Sport
By Mark H. Anshel
Overview
(Prokop, 1990)
History of Doping
(continued)
Historical Efforts to Stop Doping (cont)
Competitiveness:
The perception that doping is necessary for success.
Self-esteem:
If success is seen as essential for a positive self-
concept, cheating becomes possible.
Sport deviance:
Jay Coakley’s (1991) concept of positive deviance.
Positive Deviance
Anabolic-androgenic
steroids
Stimulants
Narcotic analgesics
Beta-adrenergic
blockers
Diuretics
Terminology
Drug misuse:
The taking of a substance for a purpose, but not in
the appropriate amount, frequency, strength, or
manner.
Drug abuse:
“The deliberate use of a substance for other than its
intended purpose, in a manner that can damage
health or the ability to function” (Lombardo, 1993).
Fundamental Problems With Doping
Addictive potential
Steroids:
Synthetic derivatives of the male hormone
testosterone. Modified to stay in system.
Anabolic effects:
Increasing muscle strength and size.
Androgenic effect:
Masculinizing
Steroid Use in Sport
(continued)
Steroid Use in Sport (cont)
Enlarged clitoris
Deepening voice
Irregular menstruation
Other Performance-Enhancing
Substances and Methods
Creatine
(continued)
Creatine (cont)
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB).
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Caffeine
• Before 2003, over 18 ounces of coffee was
prohibited.
• Caffeine and pseudophedrine were removed from
the list of banned substances in 2003.
Widespread use of Sudafed in NHL?
• http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1998/wee
kly/980202/nhlstory.html
Depressants
Barbiturates
Beta-adrenergic blockers (for shooting sports)
• Used by many heart patients to reduce blood
pressure
• Aids performance by slowing heart rate and
decreasing anxiety
• Banned by IOC
• Side effects include hypotension, CNS disturbances,
and impotence
Alcohol
Sedatives
Pro-Drug Use
(continued)
Disconnected Values Model (cont)