Form 2-Plants Tropism

18.
Gr owth responses
of g r een plants
18 Growth responses of green plants
•18 . 1 Do plants respond to external stimuli?
•18.2 What are tropisms?
•18.3 The growth response of shoots to light
•18.4 The growth response of roots and shoots to gravity
•18.5 The growth response of roots to water
•18.6 What are the substances for controlling growth
movements in plants?
•18.7 More about auxins
•18 . 8 The role of auxins in phototropic and geotropic responses
•Mind Map
18.1 Do plants respond to external stimuli?
Do Plants Respond to
External Stimuli?
18.1 Do plants respond to external stimuli?
Stimul
Stimul
us
us
Will it happen ?
YES!
YES!
Plants Respo
Respo
nse
nse
18.2 What are tropisms?
What are Tropism?

u s u s u s
ul ul ul
t im t im t im
s s s
growth
Tropism
Tropism
Response
directional
directional growth
growth
movement
movement
made
made by
by aa plant
plant
in
in response
response to
to aa
unilateral
unilateral stimulus
stimulus
plant
Direction
Direction of
of growth
growth
towards
towards stimulus
stimulus away
away from
from stimuli
stimuli
positive
positive tropism
tropism negative
negative tropism
tropism
stimulus stimulus
plant plant
light
Phototropism
Geotropism
Hydrotropism
H water
H
2 gravity
H 2 H
O H O
2 2
2
O O
18.3 The growth response of shoots to light
The Growth response of
Shoots
to Light
Phototropism
ht ht ht
li g li g li g
shoot
root
Phototropism
ht ht ht
li g li g li g
Importance:
Importance:
shoot Positive
Positive
phototropism Leaves
Leaves can
can gain
gain
phototropism
maximum
maximum amount
amount
of
of light
light for
for
Negative photosynthesis
photosynthesis
root Negative
phototropism
phototropism
Clinostat
Clinostat
Clinostat
Clinostat
cancel
cancel outthe
outthe effects
effects ofof
unilateral
unilateral light
light && direction of
gravity
gravity by
by rotating
rotating rotation
the
the disc
disc
set
set up
up asas aa control
control
for
for investigation
investigation of of
growth
growth responses
responses
of
of roots
roots && shoots
shoots to to
unilateral
unilateral light
light && gravity
gravity
Experiment 18.1
To investigate the phototropic response of shoots
1.Select three pots of young seedlings of similar size and label

them as pots A, B and C respectively.
2. Put pot A in a light- light-proof

proof box with a small box
window on one side on unilateral
that light reaches the light
shoot from one
direction only. This is
unilateral light.
set-up A
Experiment 18.1
3.Set up pot B in a similar way except that it is put on a

clinostat. Switch on the clinostat.
light-proof box in complete
4.Put pot C in darkness
complete unilateral
darkness. Both light
pots B and C are
controls.
clinostat
5.Observe the plants
after 1 or 2 days.
set-up B set-up C
Experiment 18.1
Question 1:
What has happened to the shoots of plant A? Explain.
Answer:
Seedlings in pot A are exposed to unilateral
light. The shoots respond by growing
towards the light source.
Experiment 18.1
Question 2:
What has happened to the shoots of plant B? Explain.
Answer:
In pot B, as the effect of unilateral light is
cancelled out by the revolution of the
clinostat, the shoots do not show any
curvature but grow vertically upwards.
Experiment 18.1
Question 3:
What has happened to the shoots of plant C? Explain.
Answer:
In pot C, in complete darkness, the shoots
grow vertically upwards. The plant becomes
taller with slender and longer internodes, and
carries smaller leaves which are yellow in
colour. This condition is called etiolation.
Experiment 18.1
Question 4:
What is the significance of phototropism to plants?
Answer:
The shoot tends to grow towards the light source. This
phototropism ensures that a plant gets maximum light energy
for photosynthesis.
18.4 The growth response of roots & shoots to gravity
Roots & Shoots
to Gravity
Geotropism
shoot root
ground
Gravity
Geotropism
Importance:
Importance:
grow
growdeepdeep
Negative Positive into
into soil
soilto
toget
get
Importance:
Importance: Geotropism Geotropism aafirm
firm
anchorage
anchorage
leaves
leavescan
can
receive
receive roots
maximal rootscan
can
maximal shoot root absorb
absorb
sunlight
sunlight for
for ground
maximum
maximum
photosynthesis
photosynthesis amount
amount ofof
water
water and
and
Gravity mineral
mineralsalts
salts
Experiment 18.2
To study the geotropic response of roots and shoots
1.Add some moist wool in two Petri dishes.

2. Place three bean seedlings on the cotton wool in each
Petri dish.
Seedling P – placed horizontally
Seedling Q – with radicle pointing upwards
Seedling R – with radicle pointing downwards
Experiment 18.2
3.Cover the lid and place the whole Petri dish A with its edge
on a support.
4.Attach Petri dish B onto the cork disc of a clinostat.
in complete darkness in complete darkness
plumule radicle P
P
2
1
Petri dishes Q2 R2
Q1 R1
support
Set-up A Set-up B
Experiment 18.2
5.Put both set-ups into a light-proof box.

6.Switch on the clinostat in set-up B.
7.Observe the seedlings after 1 or 2 days.
in complete darkness in complete darkness
plumule radicle P
P
2
1
Petri dishes Q2 R2
Q1 R1
support
Set-up A Set-up B
Experiment 18.2
Question 1:
What has happened to the radicles and plumules in set-up A?
Draw a diagram to show the appearance of the seedlings.
P1
Answer:
The radicles grow downwards, while
the plumules grow upwards. Q1 R1
Experiment 18.2
Question 2:
What has happened to the radicles and plumules in set-up B?
Draw a diagram to show the appearance of the seedlings.
Answer: P2
All the radicles and plumules Q2 R2

grow straight because the effect
of gravity is cancelled out by the
revolution of the clinostat.
Experiment 18.2
Question 3: Question 4:
Why is it necessary to Do the radicles and plumules show
leave the apparatus in positive geotropism or negative
darkness? geotropism?
Answer:
Answer:
In set-up A, the radicles grow
The apparatus is left
downwards and are positively
in darkness to avoid
geotropic, while the plumules grow
the stimulus of light.
upwards and are negatively geotropic.
Experiment 18.2
Question 5:
What advantage do the seedlings have by showing such
geotropism?
Answer:
Being positively geotropic, roots grow downwards deep into
the soil to provide a firm anchorage underground and absorb
maximum water and mineral salts in the soil. Being negatively
geotropic, shoots grow upwards to ensure that a plant gets
enough light energy for photosynthesis.
18.5 The growth response of roots to water
Roots
to Water
Hydrotropism
Shoot
Root
Wet Dry
Hydrotropism
No
Importance:
Importance: response
get
get maximum
maximumwater
water
Shoot
as
asaaraw
rawmaterial
materialfor
for
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
Positive Root
get
get maximum
maximum mineral
mineral Hydrotropism
salts
saltsto
tomaintain
maintain
normal
normalgrowth
growth Wet Dry
Experiment 18.3
To investigate the relative effects of gravity and water on the
growth response of green plants
1.Prepare a 20cm X 20cm gauze square. Bend it to form a

shallow tray that is 2cm deep.
2.Place an even 1-cm deep layer of damp vermiculite.
3.Sprinkle about 20 pea seedlings onto the vermiculite. Cover
the seedlings with damp vermiculite.
Experiment 18.3
4.Set up the apparatus in

darkness as shown in
the diagram.
water
5.Observe the results after
2 days.
Experiment 18.3
Question:
Which response is stronger, hydrotropic or geotropic? Explain.
Answer:
Some pea seedlings reverse their normal
geotropic response and grow upwards
towards the damp vermiculite. This water
shows that hydrotropic response is
stronger than geotropic response.
18.6 What are the substances for controlling
growth movements in plants?
What are the substances for

controlling
Growth Movements
in Plants?
coleoptile
first leaf
a protective sheath
surrounding the young
shoot of the embryo in
plants of the grass family
grass seed
used in the experiments
for finding out the factors
controlling the growth
movements in plants
Charles
Charles Darwin
Darwin (1880)
(1880)
Experiment Result Conclusion /
Explanation
light
The coleoptile
coleoptile grew towards
the light.
Charles
Charles Darwin
Darwin (1880)
(1880)
Conclusion /
Experiment Result Explanation
light
decapitated The shoot tip

coleoptile was
sensitive to
light.
Charles
Charles Darwin
Darwin (1880)
(1880)
Conclusion /
light
opaque
cap
This further
confirmed that
the tip was
sensitive to
light.
Boysen-Jensen
Boysen-Jensen (1913)
(1913)
Explanation
light
A substance
gelatin
allows produced at
substances the tip diffused
to diffuse
down through the
gelatin down
light
the shaded
side.
Boysen-Jensen
Boysen-Jensen (1913)
(1913)
Explanation
light
mica
plate Substance
causing the
it does not
allow bending
substances movement
to diffuse light
down moved down
the shaded
side of the
shoot.
Paal
Paal (1919)
(1919)
Explanation
A substance
had diffused
from the tip &
stimulated
growth.
Fritz
Fritz Went
Went (1928)
(1928)
Conclusion /
The substance
passed from the
coleoptile tip into
the agar block
and then down
into the stump.
The
agar stump bent away
stump
block from the side with
a source of that
substance.
Fritz
Fritz Went
Went (1928)
(1928)
Experiment Result
Result
Went named
this substance
auxin
agar stump
block
18.7 More about auxins
More about
auxin
organic substances
plant hormone
auxi
n
auxi
n can regulate growth & other physiological
auxi
n
auxi
n
auxi
n
act on parts of the plant other than the part that produ
Site
Site of
of production
production
shoot tip
produces auxins
auxins are roots tip also

transported produces a
downwards small amount
to the root of auxins
Site
Site of
of production
production
1 auxin exert
shoot tip 2 their effect at
1 produces 3
auxins region of
2 4 elongation
mark at 3
2 mm 4 5
intervals 5 6
6 7
7 8
8
Effect
Effect of
of auxins
auxinson
on different
different parts
parts of
of aa plant
plant Stimulate
Stimulate
shoot
shoot
Stimulate
Stimulate No
Noeffect
effect on
on Higher
Higher growth
root growth
rootgrowth
growth shoot
shootgrowth
growth conc.
conc.
Inhibit
Inhibitroot
root
Lower
Lower growth
growth
conc.
conc.
shoot
root
mi t s ht wor g %
Auxin concentration / parts per million (p.p.m.)

u%
18.8 The role of auxins in phototropic & geotropic
responses
The Role of Auxins in
Phototro
&
pic Geotro
pic
responses
responses
Phototropic
Phototropic
response
response of
of shoots
shoots
auxins
unilateral
light
1 Unilateral
Unilateral light
auxins
light causes
causes
auxinstoto accumulate
accumulate
on
on the
theshaded
shadedside
side of
of
the
theshoot
shoot
responses
Higher
Higherconcentration
concentrationof
of auxins
2 stimulates
stimulatesshoot
auxins
shootgrowth
growth
The
Theshaded
shaded
3
unilateral side
side grows
grows
light faster
fasterthan
thanthe
the
illuminated
illuminated
side
side
4 The
Theshoot
shootgrows
grows
&&bends
bendstowards
towards
the
the light
light
responses
Geotropic
Geotropicresponses
responses
of
ofshoots
shoots and
and roots
roots
gravity
Auxins
Auxins diffuse
diffuse down
down toto the
the lower
lower
side
side due
due to
to gravity
gravity
responses
high
high concentration
concentration ofof high
highconcentration
concentrationof
of auxins
auxins
auxins
auxins inhibits
inhibitsroot
root growth
growth stimulates
stimulatesshoot
shoot growth
growth
lower
lowerside
sideof
of the
theroot
root lower
lower side
sideof of the
the shoot
shoot grows
grows
grows
growsmore
moreslowly
slowly faster
faster than
thanthethe upper
upper side
side
the
theroot
root bends
bends the
theshoot
shoot bends
bends
downwards
downwards upwards
upwards
Slide # 20
Plant Tropisms
1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to

stimuli in the environment.

a.Phototropism: growth response to light
 -Plants bend towards light

a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity

 -plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems)
grow up against gravity and out of the soil.

a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch

 -vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes
when leaves are touched
a.
Slide # 21
What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?
i sm
s m rop
o pi hot ot
tr P
eo
G
i s m sm
sm p h h i
i m p
tro p
o tro pis tro
to m t ro o
h o ig o g m
P T h G e
T hi
is caused by
Tropism Mind Map
growth movement
includes
phototropism geotropism hydrotropism
unilateral auxins nature of nature of
nature of
stimulus which stimulus stimulus stimulus
are light water
pull of gravity
produced plant result
illuminated on shoots
by hormones unilaterally and roots positive
on shoots response
shoot tips auxins diffuse
auxins by roots
and root tips down to lower
move to side importance
stimulate shaded side
growth at so the so the roots can absorb
so the
shoots roots more water and
region of mineral salts
elongation in shoots
bending bending bending
shoots and roots toward upward downward roots can
light source penetrate into
leaves gain result result
soil for
maximum result
anchorage and
amount of import- positive negative positive import- to absorb more
light for ance response response response ance water and
photosynthesis by shoots by shoots by roots mineral salts
~End~

Form 2-Plants Tropism

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Form 2-Plants Tropism

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18.

What are Tropism?

The Growth response of

1.Select three pots of young seedlings of similar size and label

2. Put pot A in a light- light-proof

3.Set up pot B in a similar way except that it is put on a

The Growth response of

Roots & Shoots

1.Add some moist wool in two Petri dishes.

5.Put both set-ups into a light-proof box.

All the radicles and plumules Q2 R2

The Growth response of

1.Prepare a 20cm X 20cm gauze square. Bend it to form a

4.Set up the apparatus in

What are the substances for

decapitated The shoot tip

auxins are roots tip also

Auxin concentration / parts per million (p.p.m.)

The Role of Auxins in

stimuli in the environment.

a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity

a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch

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