Ch.

1 Introduction

MS4011
FINITE ELEMENT
METHOD
Prof. Dr. Ir. Satryo Soemantri Brodjonegoro
dan
Dr. M. A. Kariem

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Perkenalan – tentang saya

• 1999 – 2003: S1 Teknik Mesin ITB
• 2003 – 2005: S2 Teknik Mesin ITB
• 2009 – 2012: S3 Teknik Mesin Swinburne
University of Technology,
Australia

 Ruang: Lab Perancangan (EDC)

 Phone: 2500979
 Email: kariem@edc.ms.itb.ac.id atau

kariem.itb@gmail.com
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NEEDS

PHASE-
OUT
DESIGN

OPERATE MANU-
& MAINT. FACTURE

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1.1. Introduction
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a versatile
and powerful mathematical (numerical) tool that
has wide applications in a multitude of physical
problems such as stress analysis, fluid flow, heat
transfer, acoustics, aero-elasticity, micro-
fluidics, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems), electrical and magnetic fields,
electrostatic coupling and many others.

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A. Formal Definition of FEA:

An approximate mathematical analysis tool to study
the behavior of a continua (or a system) to an external
influence such as stress or strain, heat, pressure,
temperature, fluid velocity, magnetic field, etc.
This involves generating a mathematical formulation
of the physical process followed by a numerical
solution of the mathematics model.

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B. History of FEA:
 Hyper-static structure Navier 1819
 Energy theorem Maxwell 1864
Castigliano 1878
 Approximation method Ritz 1908
Galerkin 1915
 Approximation by “finite elements” Courant 1940
 Matrix method:
Levy & Garvey 1953
Force method in aircraft industry
 Modern FEM
− Force method Argyrys-Denke 1955
− Displacement method Argyris-Turner 1956

Figure 1-1(a) Historical background to modern FEM, after J.F. Imbert [2]
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Engineers Mathematicians
Trial functions Finite differences
Richardson 1910
Variational Weighted Liebman 1918
methods residuals Southwell 1940
Rayleigh 1870 Gauss 1795
Ritz 1909 Galerkin 1915
Biezeno-Koch 1923

Structural analogue Piecewise continous

substitution trial function
Hrenikoff 1941 Courant 1943
McHenry 1943 Prager-Synge 1947
Newmark 1949
Direct continuum Variational finite
elements differences
Argyris 1955 Varga 1962
Turner et al1. 1956

Modern FEM
Figure 1-1(b) Historical background to modern FEM, after O.C. Zienkiewics [3]
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C. Basic Concept:
Division of a given domain into a set of simple sub-
domains called finite elements accompanied with
polynomial approximations of solution over each
element in terms of nodal values.
Assembly of element equation with inter-element
continuity of solution and balance of force is
considered.

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1.2. Basic Illustration

A. Circumference:
Se
He q
q R
R R

1. FE Discretization
• Each line segment is an element, He
• Collection of these line segments is called a “mesh”
• Element are connected at nodes
2. Element equations
H e  2 R sin( θ2 )
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3. Assembly of equations and solution
n
P   He
e 1

2π π π
For θ  , H e  2 R sin( ), P  2nR sin( )
n n n

4. Exact solution
 As n  , P  2πR
1 sin(πx)
 If x 
 P  2R
n x
 n  x0
  sin(πx)     cos(πx)   n P nEe
  lim   x   lim 
x 0 
2 R


  x0 
2 πR 
 1 
   2πR
1 2,5E-16 6,283185307

5. Error Estimation 10 6,18034 0,10284542

π  π  100 6,28215 0,001033492

Error, Ee  Se  H e  2 R   sin   
n  n  1000 6,28317 1,03354E-05

Total Error  nEe   2πR  P  10000 6,28319 1,03354E-07

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B. Frame Structure:

(a) Real structure (b) Discretized structure

Figure 1-2 Example of discretization of a frame structure by FEM

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C. Continuous problem:

(b) Discrete model

(a) Continuous problem

Figure 1-3 Descritization of an elasticity 2D continuous problem by FEM

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1.3. General Step in the FEM

Step 1 Discretize and Select Dividing the body into an equivalent system of
Element Types finite elements with associated nodes and
choosing the most appropriate element type.

Step 2 Select a displacement Choosing a displacement function

function (approximation function) within each element.

Step 3 Define the strain- Both relationships are necessary for deriving the
displacement and stress- equations for each element.
strain relationship

Step 4 Derive the element stiffness Based on the concept of stiffness influence
matrix and equations coefficients (direct equilibrium method, work or
energy method, weighted residual method.)

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Step 5 Assemble the element
equations to obtain the
global equations and
introduce boundary
conditions
Step 6 Solve for the unknown
degrees of freedom (or
generalized displacements)
Step 7 Solve for the element strains For the structural stress-analysis problem,
and stresses
Step 8 Interpret the results
MS4011 – FEM
Individual element equations generated in step 4
is added together using a method of
superposition (called the direct stiffness
method).
Global equations obtained from step 5 is a set of
simultaneous algebric equations. These
equations can be solved by using an elimination
method (Gauss’s method) or an iterative method
(Gauss-Seidel, etc.)
strains and stress (or moment and force) can be
obtained.
The final goal is to interpret and analyse the
results for use in the design/analysis process.
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Level of Nodal Defor. Work of Stiffness Nodal
Formulation Displ. Energy Ext. forces Matrix Forces

Element di 
vj  
d  d j  e 1 eT e e
i e j uj d 
U  2d K d   d Fe
e eT
Ke Fe
 k
k

Assemblage
 d1 
  U  12 dT Kd   dT F K F
Global  
u j 
i e jd    di 
j
v j 
 
Virtual Work Principle Linear Equation
k    d  0 System
 
d  d j 

U  KdF
   d K d  d F
T T
d k 

 
n : total number of nodes d n  Solution d
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Class Name Geometry

Point
0D
element

Truss
1D element
(Line
Ele-
ment) Frame
element

Figure 1-4 (a) Different type of elements

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Class Name Geometry

Elasticity 2D
(tin) shell
2D
(Plan Bending
Ele- plate
ment)

Coque

Figure 1-4 (b) Different type of elements

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Class Name Geometry

Torus
axisymetric
Axi-
symet
ric Coque
axisymetric

Figure 1-4 (c) Different type of elements

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Class Name Geometry

3D
Volume
(Volu
me
Ele-
Thick Coque
ment)

Gap element that have stiffness

Special Element
only for compression direction.

Figure 1-4 (d) Different type of elements

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1.4. Analysis Type

Analysis Linear Non-linear
 Linear static Static Non-linear
Kq  F
Static  Initial stability Non-linear stability

 K  λK G  X  F
 Modal Non-linear dynamic
 K  λM  X  0, λ  ω2
 Dynamic response Direct integration step by step
Dynamic
  Cq  Kq  F (t )
Mq
− Modal superposition
− Direct integration step by step
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1.5. Computer Code • Assemblage

• Restraints
Start
Sub program for
K, F matrix calculation
Input Data

Solution LES
Element’s
FE modeling
Library
q
Element
Characteristics Element’s stress
calculation
Figure 1-7
Ke, Fe Print Result Simplified flowchart
for static analysis
(displacement method)
End
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1.6. Application
 Structural areas:
 Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis both for
structural and non-structural concentration problems typically
associated with holes, fillets, or other changes in geometry in
a body.
 Buckling problem
 Vibration analysis

 Non-structural problems:
 Heat transfer
 Fluid flow, including seepage through porous media
 Distribution of electric or magnetic potential

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References:
1. Logan, D.L., 1992, A First Course in the Finite Element
Method, PWS-KENT Publishing Co., Boston.
2. Imbert, J.F.,1984, Analyse des Structures par
Elements Finis, 2nd Ed., Cepadues.
3. Zienkiewics, O.C., 1977, The Finite Eelement Method,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, London.

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Pegas:

Pendekatan mekanik:

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