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Mild steel Ferrous Nails, screws, nuts and Tough, malleable, high tensile
metal bolts, girders, car bodies strength, easily joined, poor
resistance to corrosion,
general-purpose metal.
Stainless steel Alloy Sinks, cutlery, dishes, Hard and tough, resists wear,
teapots corrosion resistant, difficult to
cut and file.
Metal Alloys
Ferrous Non-ferrous
Containers and
packaging (non-
toxic)
Structural
applications
(strength-to-
weight ratio)
Electrical
conductors
(conductivity)
Architectural
construction
(corrosion
resistance)
Wrought Al and its Alloys
Pure Al is too soft for structural applications.
◦ A single crystal of Al can not even support its own weight
Therefore it is alloyed to improve strength.
Common five elements (usually more than one):Cu, Mn,
Mg, Zn, Si
Al alloys are also hardened by cold working (rolling)
and by precipitation hardening (heat treatment).
Typical mechanical properties:
◦ Young’s modulus: ~70 GPa (steel ~210GPa)
◦ Yield strength: 100~400MPa
◦ UTS: 200-600MPa
◦ Ductility: up to 30%
Series Alloying Property Overview Example Applications
Elements
A1xxx pure Al (>99%) Extremely low strength 1199 Electrical conductors
High conductivity 99.99% Al Chemical process equipment
Al foil
A2xxx Cu High strength after 2014 Aircraft structures
heat treatment Al-4.5Cu-1Si-0.6Mg Automotive body panels
Moderate ductility
Not weldable
A3xxx Mn Moderate strength 3003 Al cans
High ductility Al-1.5Mn Cooking utensils
Excellent corrosion Roofing sheet
resistance
A4xxx Si Moderate strength 4043 Architectural applications
Good corrosion Al-1.5Mn
resistance
Low ductility
A5xxx Mg Reasonable strength 5005 Boat hulls
Rapid work hardening Al-1.0Mg Structural plate/flooring
High corrosion resistance
A6xxx Si + Mg Medium strength 6061 Architectural extrusions
Good weldability Al-1Mg-0.6Si General extrusions
Good corrosion resistance
A7xxx Zn Highest strength 7075 High strength aircraft components
Weldable Al-6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu
Division
Casting alloys
Metal Alloys
Ferrous Non-ferrous
Modern Smelting:
heat
2CuFeS2 + 2SiO2 Cu2S + 2FeSiO3 + 2SiO2
then
heat
Cu2S + O2(air) 2Cu + SO2 (blister Cu)