ANIMAL

REPRODUCTION
BIO3
 Animal Reproduction
• All animals have a DIPLONTIC life cycle.
• The only haploid cells are the sex cells or
GAMETES.
• Reproduction is very important in the survival
of the species and in achieving diversity
(variation)
 Asexual Reproduction
• Involves one parent
• Results into an offspring with identical
genotype and phenotype
• DISADVANTAGE: NO VARIATION.
• EXAMPLES:
– Budding
– Regeneration
– Parthenogenesis
 Asexual Reproduction

• Budding- new
individuals form
as outgrowths of
the bodies of older
animals (buds
form by mitotic
divisions)
 Asexual Reproduction

• Regeneration- usually thought of as the

replacement of damaged tissues or lost limbs, but
in some cases pieces of an organism can
regenerate complete individuals (echinoderms)
 Asexual Reproduction

• Parthenogenesis - is the
development of offsprings from unfertilized
eggs (arthropods, fish, amphibians and reptiles).
– Can also be a part of a mechanism in determining
sex (hymenopterans: bees, wasps, ants)
• EX: in the bee colony: males develop from unfertilized
eggs(n), females also from unfertilized eggs (2n) and
sterile, but a few are chosen to be the queen
 Asexual Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis

Queen Worker Drone

(female) (male)
 Sexual Reproduction
• a large portion of time and energy is spent in
mating which exposes them to predation, can
cause physical damage, and detracts them
from other essential activities like feeding and
caring for their existing offsprings
• Despite the disadvantages, mating provides an
evolutionary advantage: it produces GENETIC
DIVERSITY (raw material for natural selection).
 Sexual Reproduction
• Involves three basic steps:
– GAMETOGENESIS (by meiosis; the variation
in genetic content are made in the crossing-
over of homologous chromosomes, and the
independent assortment of chromosomes)
– MATING
– FERTILIZATION
 Gametogenesis
• Occurs in the GONADS (male: testes, female:
ovaries)
• Gametes:
– SPERM (males)- flagellated: motile
– EGG/OVUM- non-motile
• GERM cells- origin of the gametes; they are
produced at the embryonic stage of the organism
and continually divide mitotically producing
oogonia and spermatogonia (2n)
 Mating
• Gets eggs and sperm close enough
together so that fertilization can
occur
• The simplest distinction in mating
systems is whether fertilization
occurs externally or internally.
 External Fertilization
• In an aquatic environment, animals can bring
their gametes together by simply releasing them
into the water.
• To maximize potential for fertilization they
consider : the day length, changes in
temperature, or changes in weather to time their
production and release of gametes.
• Social stimulation is also used. They tend to
release gametes when others in the population
also release them.
External Fertilization
External Fertilization
 Internal Fertilization
• Adaptation for terrestrial animals (the
sperms can swim toward the egg without
drying out)
• COPULATION- physical joining of male and
female accessory sex organs (males produce
such organs to ensure delivery of sperms)
Hermaphrodites
• An earthworm is an example
of a simultaneous
hermaphrodite, meaning that
it is both male and female at
the same time. When two
earthworms mate, they
exchange sperm, and as a
result, the eggs of each are
fertilized
• The sperm and the egg recognize each other.
• The sperm is activated so that it is capable of gaining
access to the plasma membrane of the egg.
• The plasma membranes of the sperm and the egg
fuse.
• The egg blocks entry by additional sperm.
• The egg is metabolically activated and stimulated to
start development.
• The egg and sperm nuclei fuse to create the diploid
nucleus of the zygote.

Fertilization
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
 Artificial Fertilization
• Artificial
insemination
 end
• Reference: Life: The Science of Biology (7th
edition)