Lecture Harmonic

Module 3
Harmonic Analysis
Module 3
Harmonic Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic analysis.
C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in ANSYS.
D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.
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Harmonic Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is harmonic analysis?
• A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure

to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency.
• Input:
– Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of
known magnitude and frequency.
– May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and
displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Surface and body
loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.
• Output:
– Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the
applied loads.
– Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.
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Harmonic Analysis
… Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Harmonic analysis is used in the design of:
• Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such

as compressors, engines, pumps, and turbomachinery.
• Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of

fluids) such as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and
towers.
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Harmonic Analysis
… Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Why should you do a harmonic analysis?
• To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads

at different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different
speeds).
• To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using

dampers, for example).
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Harmonic Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Topics covered:
• Equation of motion
• Nature of harmonic loads
• Complex displacements
• Solution methods
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Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Equation of Motion Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• General equation of motion:
[ M ]{u } + [ C]{ u } + [ K ]{ u} = { F}
• [F] and {u} are harmonic, with frequency ω :
{ F} = {Fmax eiψ }eiωt = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )eiωt

{ u} = {u max eiφ}eiωt = ({ u1} + i{ u 2 } )eiωt
• Equation of motion for harmonic analysis:
(−ω2 [ M ] + iω[ C] + [ K ] )({ u1} + i{ u 2 } ) = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )

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Nature of Harmonic Loads Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• Sinusoidally varying, at known
frequencies.
Imaginary
ψ
• Phase angle ψ allows multiple,
out-of-phase loads to be applied. Real
Defaults to zero.
• All applied loads are assumed to

be harmonic, including
temperatures and gravity.
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Complex Displacements Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• Calculated displacements will be complex if:
– Damping is specified.
– Applied load is complex (i.e, imaginary part is non-zero).
• Complex displacements lag by phase angle φ (with respect to the

applied force).
• Results can be viewed in the form of real and imaginary parts or

amplitude and phase angle.
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Solution Methods Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Three methods of solving the harmonic equation of motion:
• Full method
– Default method, easiest of all.
– Uses full structure matrices. Unsymmetric matrices (e.g, acoustics) are
allowed.
• Reduced method*
– Uses reduced matrices, faster than full method.
– Requires master DOF selection, which results in approximate [M] and [C].
• Mode superposition**
– Sums factored mode shapes from a preceding modal analysis.
– Fastest of all methods.
*Not covered in this seminar; see ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide for information.
**Discussed in Module 6.
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… Solution Methods Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
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Harmonic Analysis
C. Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Four main steps:
• Build the model
• Choose analysis type and options
• Apply harmonic loads and solve
• Review results
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Harmonic Analysis Procedure
Build the Model Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Model
• Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
• Remember density!
• Caution: You may inadvertently include harmonic thermal loads if

both ALPX (coefficient of thermal expansion) and ∆ T are non-
zero. To avoid this, set ALPX to zero.
• See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
Choose analysis type and options
• Enter Solution and choose

harmonic analysis.
• Main analysis option is solution

method - discussed next.
• Specify damping - discussed

next.
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… Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Analysis options
• Solution method - full, reduced, or mode

superposition. Defaults to full method.
• DOF printout format - mainly used in batch mode.
• Lumped mass matrix

– Recommended if the structure is small in one dimension
compared to the other two dimensions, e.g, slender
beams and thin shells.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Analysis options (…continued)
• Choose a solver (default is frontal)
• Option to include pre-stress effects
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Damping
• Choose from alpha damping, beta damping, and damping ratio.
• Damping ratio is most commonly used.
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Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
 Choose analysis type and options
Apply harmonic loads and solve
• All applied loads vary harmonically at the specified frequency
• “Loads” consist of:

– Displacement constraints - zero or non-zero.
– Forces
– Pressures
• Caution: If gravity and thermal loads are applied, they are also
taken as harmonically varying loads!
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… Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Specifying harmonic loads requires:
• Amplitude and phase angle
• Frequency
F2max
Imaginary
• Stepped vs. ramped specification
ψ
Amplitude and phase angle F1max
Real
• The load value (magnitude) represents

the amplitude Fmax.
• Phase angle Ψ is the phase shift between

two or more harmonic loads. Not
required if only one load is present. Non-
zero Ψ only valid for force and
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Amplitude and phase angle (continued)
• ANSYS does not allow direct input of amplitude and
phase angle. Instead, you specify the real and
imaginary components.
• For example, given two harmonic forces F1 and F2
that are out of phase by angle Ψ :
F2max
Imaginary
F1real = F1max (amplitude of F1)
F1imag = 0
F2real = F2maxcosΨ
Ψ F1max
Real
F2imag = F2maxsinΨ
• You can use APDL for these calculations, but make
sure angular units are set to degrees (default is
radians).
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DYNAMICS 7.0
• Utility Menu > Parameters > Angular Units …
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Frequency of harmonic load:
• Specified in cycles per second (Hertz) by a frequency range and
number of substeps within that range.
• For example, a range of 0-50 Hz with 10 substeps gives
solutions at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, …, 45, and 50 Hz. Same
range with 1 substep gives one solution at 50 Hz.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Stepped versus ramped loads:
• With multiple substeps, loads can be applied gradually (ramped)
or all at once in the first substep (stepped).
• Harmonic loads are usually stepped since the load value
represents maximum amplitude.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
• After applying the harmonic loads, the next
step is to start the solution.
• Typically one load step, but you may use
multiple substeps within a single load step.
The frequency range is defined over the
entire load step.
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Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
 Apply harmonic loads and solve
Review results
• Three steps:
– Plot displacement vs. frequency at specific
points in the structure. Use POST26, the time-
– Identify critical frequencies and history postprocessor
corresponding phase angles.
– Review displacements and stresses over
entire structure at the critical frequencies and
Use POST1, the general
phase angles.
postprocessor
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Review Results - POST26 Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Displacement vs. frequency plots
• First define POST26 variables.

– Tables of nodal or element data.
– Identified by a number ≥ 2.
– Variable 1 contains frequencies and is predefined.
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… Review Results - POST26 Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• Define variables (cont'd.)
– Pick nodes that might deform the most, then choose the DOF
direction.
– List of defined variables is updated.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
• Define variables.
A Graphed Response in the Frequency Domain
• Then graph them.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Identify critical frequencies and phase angles
• Graph shows frequency at which highest amplitude occurs.
• Since the displacements are out-of-phase with the applied loads (if
damping is present), the phase angle at which the peak amplitude
occurs needs to be determined.
– To do this, first choose amplitude + phase format ...
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DYNAMICS 7.0
– … then list the variable(s).
• Notice that peak amplitude = 3.7 occurs at 48 Hz, - 85.7°.
• Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire
model at that frequency and phase angle (using POST1).
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Review Results - POST1 Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Review results over entire structure
• Enter POST1 and list results summary to identify load step and
substep number of critical frequency.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
• Use the HRCPLX command to read in results at desired
frequency and phase angle:
– HRCPLX, LOADSTEP, SUBSTEP, PHASE, ...
– Example: HRCPLX,2,4,-88.2754
• Plot deformed shape, stress contours, and other desired
results.
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Harmonic Analysis Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
 Apply harmonic loads and solve
 Review results
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Lesson D:
Workshop - Harmonic Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• In this workshop, you will examine the harmonic response of a fixed-
fixed beam to harmonic forces caused by rotating machinery
mounted on the beam.
• See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details

Harmonic Analysis Workshop - Fixed-Fixed Beam, Page W-27
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Lecture Harmonic

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Lecture Harmonic

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Module 3

B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic analysis.

C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in ANSYS.

D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.

March 14, 2003

• A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure

March 14, 2003

• Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such

• Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of

March 14, 2003

• To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads

• To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using

March 14, 2003

• Nature of harmonic loads

March 14, 2003

• [F] and {u} are harmonic, with frequency ω :

{ F} = {Fmax eiψ }eiωt = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )eiωt

• Equation of motion for harmonic analysis:

(−ω2 [ M ] + iω[ C] + [ K ] )({ u1} + i{ u 2 } ) = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )

• All applied loads are assumed to

March 14, 2003

• Complex displacements lag by phase angle φ (with respect to the

• Results can be viewed in the form of real and imaginary parts or

March 14, 2003

March 14, 2003

• Build the model

• Choose analysis type and options

• Apply harmonic loads and solve

March 14, 2003

• Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.

• Caution: You may inadvertently include harmonic thermal loads if

• See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.

March 14, 2003

Choose analysis type and options

• Enter Solution and choose

• Main analysis option is solution

• Specify damping - discussed

March 14, 2003

• Solution method - full, reduced, or mode

• DOF printout format - mainly used in batch mode.

• Lumped mass matrix

March 14, 2003

• Choose a solver (default is frontal)

• Option to include pre-stress effects

March 14, 2003

• Choose from alpha damping, beta damping, and damping ratio.

• Damping ratio is most commonly used.

March 14, 2003

 Choose analysis type and options

Apply harmonic loads and solve

• All applied loads vary harmonically at the specified frequency

• “Loads” consist of:

March 14, 2003

• Amplitude and phase angle

• The load value (magnitude) represents

• Phase angle Ψ is the phase shift between

March 14, 2003

March 14, 2003

March 14, 2003

March 14, 2003

March 14, 2003

 Choose analysis type and options