m 1903: Walter Sutton -

American
m Studied Grasshoppers
m Sex Cells: 12
Chromosomes
m Body (somatic cells):
24 Chromosomes
m Observed the fusion of
the egg and sperm cell
 

 



 




K 1862 Ȃ 1915 - German

K Devised the same theory
using sea urchins
K Discovered the centromere
K A special form of cell division
K To form sex cells or gametes
K Occurs in Reproductive tissue of plants and
animals
_

_
_

K þale Cells: Pollen

K Formed in Anther
K Supported by Filament
K Anther and Filament form
the Stamen
_ 

_

_

K Female Cells: Ovules

K Formed in the ovary
K At the base of Style
K A Ȃ Anther (þale)
K B Ȃ Filament (þale)
K C Ȃ Stigma (Female)
K D Ȃ Style (Female)
K E Ȃ Ovary (Female)

_



 















 










K Chromosomes are made of DNA
K Genes are sections of DNA
K þost of the time DNA is in long strands called
the Chromatin Network
K Just before þeiosis (and þitosis) the DNA
replicates then
K Coils to form a duplicated chromosome
K Single Chromosome =
5cm
K 46 Chromosomes in a
human body cell
K 10 000 000 000 000
cells in the body
K 10 Trillion cells or 1013
K Calculate the length
K Number of
chromosomes x .005m
x number of cells
K Comes to about
2.0 × 1013 meters
K Which is about 67 trips
to the sun and back
K IN ONE HUþAN
m Chromosomes occur in homologous pairs
m In humans 23 homologous pairs
m 23 came from mother
m 23 came from father
m Total number is 46
m Same characteristics are coded for on each
pair
m E.g. eye colour
K The DNA replicates
during interphase
K The DNA coils
K To form a duplicated
chromosome
K Two chromatid arms
K Joined by centromere
K Occur in pairs

_

K Camel = 70 K Rice = 24
K House Fly = 18 K Beans = 22
K Chicken = 78 K Lettuce = 18
K Chinchilla = 64 K Tomato = 24
K Porcupine = 34 K Apple = 34
K þosquito = 6 K Pea = 14
_


 _





K Somatic or body cells
contain a diploid number of
chromosomes
K E.g. Humans 46


K Sex cells or gametes
contain a haploid number
of chromosomes
K E.g. Humans 23



 



m Before þeiosis DNA K No replication of DNA
replicates K Start with two Haploid
m Start with one Diploid cell
m Formation of duplicated Cells
chromosomes K Duplicated chromosomes
m Homologous pairs of align individually on
duplicated chromosomes equator
align on equator (crossing
over) K Split at centromere
m Homologous pairs separate K Chromatid arms separate
and go to each pole and go to each pole
m Cell divides into two K Each Cell divides into two
m 2 Haploid cells form K 4 haploid cells form
m Chromosome number halved

_ 


_ 

K Formation of proteins
enzymes etc. needed for
cell division
K Normal cell processes
K Duplication of DNA to form
duplicated chromosomes.
__ 




 __ 





m Chromosomes coil up
m Spindle forms
m Homologous pairs align
INDEPENDANTLY along cell equator
m Each homologous pair of
chromosomes forms a  

m  
two homologous
chromosomes each made of two sister
chromatids
m Crossing over occurs
m Exchange of genetic (DNA) material
between non-sister chromatids
m Breaks in chromatids occurs at

m Homologous pairs no longer
genetically identical

_ 

 _ 



K Tetrads align on equator m Homologous pairs separate

K Aligned in homologous
pairs
K Homologous pairs begin to
separate
m Duplicated chromosomes
remain intact
m Each chromosome of a
homologous pair (tetrad)
moves to the opposite pole
of the cell
m Each new cell receives one
chromosome from the
homologous pair

_ 



K Spindle breaks down
K Chromosomes uncoil into
long threads of DNA
K Cell divides
K Cytokinesis Ȃ division of all
the organelles and cell
components
K Two new haploid cells form
K DNA replicates
K Duplicated chromosomes
K Homologous pairs
K Tetrads
K Crossing over
K Homologous pairs separate
K Cell Divides
K 2 Haploid cells

_ 

__ 



K Short interphase K Spindle forms

K DNA re-coils to form K Duplicated chromosomes
duplicated chromosomes move towards equator

_ 

 _ 



K Duplicated chromosomes K Centromere splits

align individually along K Chromatid arms move to
equator of cell opposite poles
K Centromere on equator
K Chromatid arm either side
of equator

_ 




K Nuclei reform K Short interphase

K Cytokinesis takes place
K Four haploid cells result
K Duplicated chromosomes
align on equator of cell
K Split at centromere
K þove to opposite poles
K Cell division to form 4
haploid cells

_




 



m Each duplicated chromosome
in a homologous pair can
align in two ways
m In humans 223 possibilities = 8
million
m At fertilisation the possibility
is 223 x 223
m 70 trillion (70 000 000 000)
possible variations of humans
m BUT there is more
K 2 to 3 crossing over events
occur per chromosome
K Provides additional
variation
K VARIATION is the raw
material for natural
selection to act on
K Accumulated changes
cause the process of
evolution
m Allele m Law of Segregation of
m Crossing Over Alleles
m Diploid m Law of Independent
m Egg Cell (ovules, ovum) Assortment
m Fertilisation m þeiosis
m Gamete m Pollination
m Genetic Recombination m Sperm Cell
m Genotype m Trait
m Haploid m Zygote
m Hereditary
m Homologous
Chromosome