Emerging Trends in Probiotics

Research For Human Health

Hariom Yadav and Shalini Jain

Animal Biochemistry Division

National Dairy Research Institute
Karnal-132001 (Haryana)INDIA
 Probiotics concept

“Probiotics are living microorganisms which upon ingestion in sufficient

numbers, exert health benefits beyond basic nutrition.”

Intensive research area in the world……..

Probiotics health benefits
Elimination of lactose intolerance

Anti-diarrheal

Immunomodulatory

Antidiabetic

Anticarcinogenic

Hypocholesterolemic

Antihypertensive
Probiotics microorganisms
Probitocs consist specific microbial cultures and/ or ingredients that
stimulate gut micro flora capable of modifying the gastrointestinal
environment which keeps the host healthy

• Lactic acid producing bacteria

Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium
• Yeast
• Others
Commercially available products may contain
pure and combined cultures of:
• Lactobacillus
• Bifidobacterium
• Streptococcus
• Pedicococcus
• Aspergillus
• Bacillus
 Probiotics attributes
 Acid tolerance

 Bile tolerance

 Cell surface hydrophobicity

 Protoplast regeneration

 Antimicrobial activity

 Cholesterol removal and bile salt deconjugation

 Gut colonization

 Lactose removal

 Protease and aminopeptidase activity

mprovements for survival of probiotic
Heat from pelleting and long storage of products may render the non
viability of the product. For improving the survival of probiotic cultures
following practices has been applied….

Microincapsulation : Entrapment of micro-organisms with artificial/ biological membranes/

supports/ coverings

Prebiotics : Addition of prebiotics such as inulin, fructo-oligosacchrides etc.

Other food supplements : Addition of other food additives such as fibres, vitamins etc.
 Prebiotics

“Prebiotics are non-digestible but fermentable oligosaccharides that are

specifically designed to change the composition and activity of the intestinal

microbiota with prospect to promote the health of the host.”

 Synbiotics

“A synbiotics is a combination of one or more probiotics

and prebiotics.”
 Purported mechanisms of action
Free amino acids
Organic acids Neutralization of
dietary carcinogens
β-Galactosidase activity

Oligosaccharides Probiotics Immunostimulatory

Cholesterol assimilation
Antioxidant
Short chain fatty acids

Survival and adhesion

Bioactive peptides
competitions with
Bacteriocin
pathogenic bacteria
 Non-adhesive Adhesive

M = M cells of intestinal epithelium Microorganisms

L = Lymphocytes Immune Response
APC = Antigen presenting cells
Th = T-helper cells Intestinal Epithelium
M
IL = Interleukines
TGF = Tumour growth factor
L
IFN = Interferon
L L
TNF = Tumour necrosis factor
Ig = Immunoglobulin APC
L

Th0
IgG ↑

Cell TGF-β↓ Antibody B IgM ↑

IL-2 ↑ mediated
mediated
IFN- γ ↑
+ IL-4 ↓
IgE ↓
response IL-10 ↓ response

B
Th2
Th1
IgA
IL-2 ↑
IFN-γ ↑
TNF-α ↑
IFN-α ↑

Viruses Tumors
Natural killer cells ↑
Macrophages ↑
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ↑
 Current trends

 Anticarcinogenic: Colon, breast and others

 Antidiabetic
 Anti-allergic
 Anti-inflammatory Diseases: IBD, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn
disease, Pouchitis and Post-
operative complications
 Genetically modified probiotics
 Oral vaccine development
 Future perspectives

 Elucidate the physiological role and mechanism of action probiotics

 Extent of influence of probiotics in human health using human feeding studies
 Studies on human populations for colon cancer or cancer recurrence
 Validate markers used for assessing probiotic function. Testing of predictions
based on biomarker studies with actual results in human clinical evaluation is
needed. Biomarker validated in the areas of immune system, cancer and gut
microbiology is especially important. Once validated biomarkers will be useful
tools to assess the dose dependence and strain specific responses.
 Assess effects of probiotics on populations and activity of gut microbes. The
application of gene based methods holds much promise in this field.
 Improve reliability and ease of taxonomic classification of probiotic bacteria.
Improve strain performance and activity.
Institutes Engaged for Probiotics Research in India

Central Food Technology and Research Institute, Mysore

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh

National Dairy Development Board, Anand

Nestle Pvt Ltd, Panipat

Eat Probiotics foods, live healthy life

So…..
Eat the “good bugs” every day……….
Invite them in………..
You will find they make very friendly
houseguests.