XDSL Technologies

ARCHITECTS OF AN INTERNET WORLD
ADSL Technology
Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

12/08/21
Summary
 DSL Definition
 ADSL Technology
 Why introducing ADSL ?
 Internet Services Characteristics
 Classical Internet Architecture
 Main ADSL Characteristics
 ADSL resulting Architecture
 ADSL Limitations
 More technically
Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

12/08/21
Digital Suscriber Line Introduction
DSL Technology is the

way to transport data on
copper pairs

12/08/21
Internet Services Characteristics
Downstream
Bandwidth
10M
Games
Teleworkers
Internet
Video On Demand
1M
Music On Demand
100k
Modem V90
Upstream
10k
Bandwidth
64k 128k 192k 256k 320k 384k

12/08/21
Narrowband Internet Architecture
Class 5 Phone Service

Switch
Copper Pair
PSTN
V.90 Data Service

Modem
Bandwidth
Internet Narrowband
Access Server
Same frequency band for

Phone and Data Services Frequency
300Hz 3400Hz

12/08/21
ADSL Characteristics
Used Frequencies
 Chosen Technology
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 POTS, Upstream and Downstream Isolation
Bandwidth
 Against CAPS
POTS Upstream Downstream
Frequency
300Hz 30kHz 1,1 MHz

3400Hz
12/08/21
Available bandwidth
POTS
Up to 8,3 Mb/s
Copper
Pair
Internet Customer
Up to 800 Kb/s

12/08/21
Robustness
 Chosen Technology
 Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)
 QAM Modulation for 255 spectral carriers
Bits Number
Upstream Downstream
Carriers
1 7 29 38 255
Unused Frequencies if too noise on the line

12/08/21
ADSL Architecture
Class 5
CO Filter
PSTN CPE Filter Customer
Copper
Pair
ATM
ADSL
DSLAM PoP Modem
Broadband
Access Server
 Main characteristics
 Need of filters simultaneously in the CO and the CP
 ATM as the Transport Layer
 In general, up to the Broadband Access Server (IP Gateway)
12/08/21
Centralized versus Distributed Filters
Centralised Distributed
Splitters Splitters

12/08/21
ADSL Limitations
Attenuation
More the distance grows up and more the

Attenuation (dB)
high frequencies are impacted
20
1km
2km
40
3km
60
4km
80
Frequency
300Hz 30kHz 1,1 MHz

3400Hz

12/08/21
ADSL Limitations
Resulting Bandwidth
Mbit/s
10
Downstream bandwidth is ADSL Downstream
8
more impacted by
distance between the 6
DSLAM and the 4
customer
2
0 km
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Kbit/s
1000
ADSL Upstream
800 For long distances, ADSL
600 technology keeps an
important symmetrical
400
bandwidth
200
0 km
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12/08/21
ADSL Technical Details

12/08/21
Summary
 ADSL Standards
 Signal Prerequisites
 ADSL Technology Characteristics
 ADSL Technology Robustness
 ADSL Lines Configuration

12/08/21
ADSL Standards

12/08/21
ANSI Standards
 ANSI T1.413 Issue 1 1995

 First ADSL specification out in 1995 was STM based and not clearly
build
 ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 1998

 Second ADSL specification which was mostly driven by Alcatel and
ATM based as is used today.

12/08/21
ITU-T Standards
 ITU-T G.dmt (G.992.1)
 Specification by ITU-T based on the ANSI T1.413 issue2 standard plus an
extra handshaking protocol
 Annex A : specifies operation above the POTS band
 Annex B : specifies operation above the ISDN band
 Annex C : specifies operation for Japanese ISDN band
 ITU-T G.lite (G.992.2)
 Specification by ITU-T which is a kind of “stripped down” ANSI T1.413
issue2 standard plus an extra handshaking protocol.
 Based on recommendations made by the UAWC workgroup (Microsoft,
Compaq & Intel)
 ITU-T G.hs (G.994.1)
 Specifies the handshaking procedure for xDSL transceivers
12/08/21
Spectrum
POTS
UP DOWN G.dmt Annex A
30kHz 138kHz 1,1MHz

POTS
UP DOWN G.lite
30kHz 548kHz
ISDN
UP DOWN G.dmt Annex B
138kHz 1,1MHz

12/08/21
Signal Prerequisites

12/08/21
Data speed
 Q: How can we increase the data speed and respect the symbol
rate related constraint ? (Nyquist)
Bits symbols bits

sec sec symbol
 A: Increase the number of bits per symbol via different

modulation techniques like QAM.
 Bitrate => expressed in bits per second (bps)
 Symbol rate => expressed in baud
12/08/21
Nyquist bandwidth constraint
Time (sec)
Ts
Symbol period
For a given bandwidth (W in Hz), the maximum amount of symbols/second (Rs in

baud) is limited in order to avoid Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
 Each symbol corresponds to a number of bits.

 You need to distinguish one symbol from another

12/08/21
Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem
Capacity [bps] ~
~ 1/3 x W x SNR x G
W = bandwidth in Hz
SNR = Signal to Noise ratio in dB
G = Gainfactor achieved by error correction

12/08/21
Capacity versus Distance
Capacity
Mb/s
25
20
Sha
15 n non
Ha
rtle
yc
AD a pa
10 SL city
8,1 Mb/s
5
6 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
km
1 2 3 4 5 6
UTP Cable length
12/08/21
Attenuation versus Frequency
Attenuation (dB) xd

0 R=
Seff
20
1 km
2km
40
3km
4km
60
Cable diameter = 0,5mm²
80
10 KHz 100 KHz 1 MHz

Frequency (Hz)
POTS
band
12/08/21
Attenuation due to distance
Local exchange
UTP cable 0,5 mm2
4 km : Loss of 32dB at 150 kHz
5 km : Loss of 55dB at 150 kHz
Transmitted pulse Received pulse

12/08/21
Speed characteristics versus distance
10
8
ADSL Downstream
Mbit/s
0 km
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1000
ADSL Upstream
800
Kbit/s
600
400
200
0 km
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

12/08/21
Bridged taps
2
3
Echo
Echo
Main
Signal
Attenuation (dB) Increased
attenuation due to
Bridged Tap
Frequency (Hz)
12/08/21
Crosstalk
Rx Tx
Tx
Near End Crosstalk
Rx Tx
Rx
Tx Rx
Far End Crosstalk
Rx
Rx Tx Rx
Tx
For ADSL there is no Near End Crosstalk only Far End Crosstalk!

12/08/21
ADSL Interoperability
POTS
UP DOWN G.dmt Annex A
NEXT
30kHz 138kHz 1,1MHz
ISDN
UP DOWN G.dmt Annex B
138kHz 1,1MHz
 When AoP (ADSL over POTS) and AoI (ADSL) over ISDN reside
in the same cable, there is NEXT.
 Some frequencies of the downstream transmitter of an AoP line
overlap with the receiver frequencies of an AoI line.

12/08/21
ADSL Technology
Characteristics

12/08/21
 ADSL is a mix of several signal technologies

 Frequency Division Time (FDM)
 Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
 In order to add more robustness, ADSL implements other

technologies
 Bit Swapping
 Reed Salomon
 Interleaving

12/08/21
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Symbol is represented by a variation of amplitude & phase for a particular frequency

y = A . sin (2 f.t + )
Transmitted data = 1001 0000 1111 Constellation

A
3
0111 0101 0001 0011

2 A
0110 0100 0000 0010
1
0
t
-1
1110 1100 1000 1010
-2
-3
1111 1101 1001 1011
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

4 bits/symbol
Symbol length (Ts) >> QAM-16

12/08/21
QAM and noise
Constellation
Parasite noise
Same frequency
3 Amplitude  3 0111 0101 0001 0011
2
1001 Phase  2
1011
0110 0100 0000 0010
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
1110 1100 1010
1000
-2 -2
-3 -3
1111 1101 1001 1011
0,5 1 0,5 1
Transmit Receive
The Shannon-Hartley theorem : Capacity bps= 1/3 x W x SNR x G

12/08/21
QAM versus SNR
QAM Signal/Noise ratio (dB) for

Bits/symbol BER<10-7
4 QAM-16 21,8
6 QAM-64 27,8
8 QAM-256 33,8
9 QAM-512 36,8
10 QAM-1.024 39,9
12 QAM-4.096 45,9
14 QAM-16.384 51,9

12/08/21
Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)
 The ADSL coding technology is called Discrete Multi Tone

(DMT) :
 Multiple carrier frequencies are modulated on the same copper pair using
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
 These frequencies are equally spaced (4,3125 kHz).
 For each carrier, the SNR is measured to determine the maximum
achievable QAM
 The sum of all frequencies is put on the line
 The sum of all QAM results corresponds to the maximum bandwidth that
the copper pair could carry.

12/08/21
Discrete Multi Tone example
QAM-4 f1
QAM-16 f2
QAM-4 f3
 = DMT
Ts (Symbol Time)
1 DMT Symbol

12/08/21
DMT and ADSL
 The spectrum used for ADSL is divided into 255 carriers.

 Each carrier is situated at n x 4,3125 kHz
 For the upstream direction, carriers 7 to 29 are used
 For the downstream direction, carriers 38 to 255 are used
 On each carrier the SNR is measured and the QAM determined.

 Minimum  QAM-4  2bits/symbol
 Maximum  QAM- 16384  14 bits/symbol
 Symbol period for each carrier :  250 s

12/08/21
DMT versus Line characteristics
attenuation Line characteristics
ADSL filter
characteristics
Frequency
interference
frequency
Bits / carrier
 
7 29 38 255 carrier
4 30 125 165 1100 frequency (kHz)
12/08/21
ADSL Working Ways
 How do ADSL modems synchronise ?
 At startup, the ATU-C and ATU-R modems will negotiate the maximum
parameters for the copper pair, depending on the conditions on the line.
 The objective is to get a BER >= 10-7 on the copper pair
 Rate Controlled by the network operator
 The network operator will fix the upstream and downstream bandwidth of
the line.
 If these parameters are under the negotiated one, the line is up. If not,
the line is down.
 Rate Adaptive
 The network operator will fix a bandwidth slot for both upstream and
downstream bandwidth.
 The ADSL line starts at the maximum parameters.

12/08/21
# bits / carrier
Maximum value after SNR measurement per carrier at startup

Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers

12/08/21
ADSL Technology Robustness

12/08/21
Bit Swapping
 After startup, a lower QAM than possible will be used on most of the
carriers
 The measured SNR at startup determines the maximum possible QAM at startup,
e.g.: QAM-4096 corresponding to 12bits/symbol >>> used QAM on that carrier:
QAM-1024 (10bits/symbol)
 This results in extra bits that could be allocated on that carrier.
 During showtime (modem operation), the SNR is measured on all

carriers at regular intervals (default 1 sec).
 If the SNR on a certain carrier degrades resulting at a lower QAM that can be
used on that carrier, the bits of that carrier will be re-allocated to other carriers
where the max QAM is higher then the actual used QAM.
 The modems will try to spread out the re-allocated bits over other carriers.

12/08/21
Bit Swapping explanation
Bits/carrier Sudden frequency interference decreases

SNR on a number of carriers
14
13
12
11 Current max. bits/carrier
10
9
8 Current used bits/carrier
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
12/08/21
Bits/carrier A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

(the number of bits on those carriers)
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies
12/08/21
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
12/08/21
Bits/carrier Noise margin is spread over the full spectrum
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
12/08/21
ADSL Superframe
DMT Symbol
DS 1 DS 2 DS 3 DS 4 ..... DS 67 DS 68 SS 69
SUPERFRAME
17 ms
 DMT Symbol
 A DMT symbol is the sum of all symbols on each individual carrier.
 Data Symbol (DS)
 A data symbol is used to transmit information (data).
 Synchronisation Symbol (SS)
 A sync symbol is transmit after 68 data symbols to assure synchronisation and
to detect a possible loss of frame.
 ADSL Symbol Period
 Ts = 17 ms / 68 = 250 s (symbol period for the data plane!)
12/08/21
Reed Solomon (correction mode)
Code RS(255,239)
Byte
1 Distance : n-k+1
2
d= 255-239+1
3
4
d=17
k byte Correction: (d-1)/2

message c=(17-1)/2
vector c=8
n byte code
vector
239
240
With 16 check bytes, the RS code
n-k can correct up to 8 erroneous bytes
check per code vector
bytes
254
255 Error correction overhead = 16/255 = 6.3 %

12/08/21
Reed Solomon example
Distance = 15-11+1= 5 Correction = (5-1)/2= 2

Message vector Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Burst of errors
Transmitted data More than 2

lost bytes
Lost data
Received data
12/08/21
Interleaving
Message
Ctrl
vector Data to be transmitted
Bloc 0 Bloc 1 Bloc 2 Bloc 3 Bloc 4
Burst errors
6 lost bytes
Transmitted Data
Bloc 0 Bloc 1 Bloc 2 Bloc 3

Received Data
1 Byte error
per bloc!
Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl

12/08/21
Delay & interleaving depths
FAST =
NO
INTERLEAVING !

12/08/21
Trellis coding
 Trellis coding is another error detection and correction

mechanism which is optional for ADSL.
 Trellis principle =>

 Looking at the complete data you’re able to detect and correct errors,
analogue to detection and correction in spoken language
 Example:
 transmitted data:the water is wet and cold
 received data: the water is let and cold
 By just looking at the word let we can not know that it is wrong!
 By looking at the information before and after the word we can safely say
that it should be wet instead of let.
12/08/21
ADSL & Reed Solomon
 Hypothesis
 Assume Trellis coding is not used!!
 1 Data symbol corresponds to a 255 Byte Reed Solomon word.
 Some bytes in the RS word are framing overhead used for modem to modem
communication (EOC, AOC, IB, CRC).
 The maximum downstream ADSL speed for our data :

 With Reed Solomon : (255-16-1) x 8 bits/byte x 4000 symb/sec = 7,616
Mbits/sec
 Without Reed Solomon: (255-1) x 8bits/byte x 4000 symb/sec = 8,128
Mbits/sec

12/08/21
Effects on coding gain
 From the table on slide 21, we have seen that to attain a BER of 10-7 for
a specific QAM you need a certain SNR.
 If the SNR is lower than this value, the BER becomes too high
 By introducing error detection and correction, you lower the BER because you
correct a number of the introduced errors.
 The mechanism introduces a coding gain resulting in an actual lower
SNR that is needed to achieve a certain constellation.
 Trellis introduces a coding gain of apc. 5,5dB.
 Reed Solomon introduces a coding gain of apc. 4dB.
 Trellis & RS together introduce a coding gain of apc. 9dB.
SNR for BER = 1E-7
Bits/symbol QAM uncoded Trellis RS Trellis + RS
4 QAM-16 21,5 16 17,5 12,5
6 QAM-64 27,5 22 23,5 18,5

12/08/21
ADSL rates
Framing overhead
1/2bit per carrier
1 up to 6 Bytes
+ 4 bits
Attainable Trellis ATM data Reed Solomon

1B
line rate overhead overhead
Max. 255 Bytes

 ATM attainable rate
 Maximum possible ATM rate
 ATM used rate
 Currently used ATM rate
 Used line rate
 Actual ADSL line rate
 Attainable line rate
 Maximum attainable line rate based on SNR measurement
12/08/21
ADSL Lines Configuration

12/08/21
ADSL Line Strategies
 What can the network provider do in case of problems on the ADSL
line ?
 To avoid :
 Increase the signal power
 Will increase the noise signal at the same time
 To advise :
 Using the SNR Margin parameter
 Will let the Bit Swapping function to work better
 Using the Interleaving parameter
 Not advised if leased lines or voice on the line
 If none of these actions work, you need more help to debug the ADSL line
 => Metallic Test Strategy

12/08/21
SNR Margin
Maximum values after SNR measurement per carrier at startup

Bits/carrier
Maximum values at startup
14
13
12
11
10
9
8 SNR Margin
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers

12/08/21
Symmetric Technology

12/08/21
Summary
 Symmetric DSL technologies Introduction

 History
 Main Characteristics
 SHDSL Technology Introduction

 Why introducing SHDSL ?
 SHDSL Standard
 SHDSL Main Characteristics
 SHDSL Multi pairs (4-wires and IMA)
 More technically

12/08/21
Symmetrical DSL technologies

12/08/21
Symmetrical DSL comparison

12/08/21
Why introducing SHDSL ?
 New Symmetric Technology to replace all others

 Bandwidth flexibility
 SHDSL can be configured by 64 kbps steps
 Can offer very high speeds (up to 20 Mbps to the customer)
 Spectral compatibility with ADSL
 No impact when ADSL and SHDSL are using the same copper pairs plan
 Need to be carefully standardised
 Compatibility between all DSLAMs and all modems on the market

12/08/21
SHDSL Standard
 SHDSL Standardization
 Two similar standards
 ITU-T G.991.2 specification (february 2001)
 ETSI TS 101 524 (april 2001)
 No interoperability problems
 Single-pair High speed DSL
 Full duplex over 1 or 2 pairs
 Trellis Coded Pulse Amplitude Modulation (TC PAM) with 16 levels
 Designed to be spectral compatible with ADSL in the same bundle
 Two different implementations (no compatibility)
 Annex 9 : ATM based (c.f. 7300 ASAM)
 Annex 1 to 8 : TDM based (c.f. 1512 from VND)
12/08/21
SHDSL Main Characteristics
 Main Characteristics
 Rate adaptive
 Symmetrical data rate from 192kbps to 2312 kbps for 1 pair
 Per 64 kbps steps
 Maximum range up to 2,5 km without repeaters
 Symmetrical PSD mask (ETSI or North-America) or Asymmetrical PSD
mask (North-America)
 Chosen by handshaking (ITU-T G.994)
 Multi Pairs Possibility
 To increase bandwidth to the customer
 To increase the SHDSL reach (more customers)

12/08/21
SHDSL Multi pairs
 4-wires technology versus IMA

 4-wires technology
 Defined by the SHDSL standard
 Up to 4.6 Mbps to the customer over 2 copper pairs
 Natively supported by SHDSL chipsets (dual, quadri, octal,…)
 Poor robustness
 IMA (Inverse Multiplexing ATM)
 Defined by ATM Forum (whatever the transport technology)
 Up to 18.4 Mbps to the customer over 8 copper pairs
 IMA chipset needed on the SHDSL card
 High Robustness
 Degraded mode (still works even if one pair is cut)
12/08/21
SHDSL functional
PAYLOAD
DATA
TRELLIS LINE
FRAMER SCRAMBLER PRECODER DAC
ENCODER DRIVER
• Maps payload • Randomizes the • Maps 3 bits in • Forms the • Digital to analog • Amplifies the
to SHDSL frame signal one symbol symbol conversion signal
• Inserts EOC • Avoids periodic • Calculates • Introduces • Drives the line
signals coding bit predistortion
•Adds coding bit • Compensates
to the symbol the line distortion

12/08/21
SHDSL frame structure
14 2 K 10 K 10 K 10 K 2 2
FRAME O PAYLOAD O PAYLOAD O PAYLOAD O PAYLOAD

SYNC H BLOCK #1 H BLOCK #2 H BLOCK #3 H BLOCK #4
6 ms
Sub block 10
Sub block 11
Sub block 12
Sub block 2
Sub block 1
Sub block 3
Sub block 4
Sub block 5
Sub block 6
Sub block 7
Sub block 8
Sub block 9
Stuffing (0 or 4)
FRAME SYNC : 11111100001100
or spare bits (2)
OH : OVERHEAD, total of 32 bits
ks
 Payload rate = n x 64 kbps + i x 8 kbps [192 kbps  2,312 Mbps]
 3 ≤ n ≤ 36 and 0≤i≤7
 K = 12 [i + (n x 8)] bits

12/08/21
SHDSL modes
 Plesiochronous mode:
 No stuffing bits at end of frame
 SHDSL frame Tx in 6ms – ( 2 x 6 / #bits in frame) ms
 4 stuffing bits at end of frame
 SHDSL frame Tx in 6ms + ( 2 x 6 / #bits in frame) ms
 Synchronous mode:
 No stuffing bits only 2 spare bits at end of SHDSL frame
 SHDSL frame Tx in 6 ms

12/08/21
SHDSL overhead bits
 The overhead bits (OH) in the SHDSL frame transport:

 Embedded Operations Channel (EOC): 20 bits
 Transports maintenance messages over HDLC protocol
 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-6): 6 bits
 CRC over transmitted SHDSL frame
 Indicator Bits (IB): 4 bits
 To report loss of signal, segment anomaly, power loss & loss of sync
 Stuffing indicator bits: 2 bits
 Only used in plesiochronous mode (spare in synchronous mode)
 Indicate presence of stuffing bits at the end of SHDSLframe

12/08/21
Spectral compatibility
Data rate = 768 kbps

Rs SHDSL = 258,666 ksymb/sec
 PSD is a representation of the associated energy for a certain frequency

 It indicates the potential for generating noise towards other cables in the same
bundle for those frequencies!
12/08/21
Thank you

12/08/21

XDSL Technologies

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ARCHITECTS OF AN INTERNET WORLD

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

DSL Technology is the

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Class 5 Phone Service

V.90 Data Service

Same frequency band for

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

POTS Upstream Downstream

300Hz 30kHz 1,1 MHz

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Unused Frequencies if too noise on the line

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

More the distance grows up and more the

300Hz 30kHz 1,1 MHz

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

DSLAM and the 4

ADSL Technical Details

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

 ADSL Technology Characteristics

 ADSL Technology Robustness

 ADSL Lines Configuration

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

 ANSI T1.413 Issue 1 1995

 ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 1998

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

UP DOWN G.dmt Annex A

30kHz 138kHz 1,1MHz

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

Bits symbols bits

 A: Increase the number of bits per symbol via different

For a given bandwidth (W in Hz), the maximum amount of symbols/second (Rs in

 Each symbol corresponds to a number of bits.

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Attenuation (dB) xd

10 KHz 100 KHz 1 MHz

UTP cable 0,5 mm2

4 km : Loss of 32dB at 150 kHz

5 km : Loss of 55dB at 150 kHz

Transmitted pulse Received pulse

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

UP DOWN G.dmt Annex A

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary -.

 ADSL is a mix of several signal technologies

 In order to add more robustness, ADSL implements other

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

Symbol is represented by a variation of amplitude & phase for a particular frequency

Transmitted data = 1001 0000 1111 Constellation

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

The Shannon-Hartley theorem : Capacity bps= 1/3 x W x SNR x G

QAM Signal/Noise ratio (dB) for

Alcatel Confidential and Proprietary

 The ADSL coding technology is called Discrete Multi Tone