Photo Chemistry of Vision

PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF
VISION
Photochemistry of vision
 Photopic vision:
àDay light vision due to cones
àColor vision
àBrightness above 1mA
 Scotopic vision:
Dim light vision due to rods
Below 0.001 mA
 Mesopic vision:
Full moonlight vision
both rods & cones

Visible light: 400-750 nm
Purkinje shift: shifting of sensitivity of eye
from photopic to scotopic vision

Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Photons are classified according to

their wavelength
 Longest wavelength: radio and
television waves
 Shortest wavelength: gamma rays
 Middle of the spectrum: visible light
Rods and Cones
 Retinal photoreceptors contain

pigments that preferentially absorb
photons with wavelengths 400-700
nm
 Shortest wavelength: blue and green
 Longer wavelengths: yellow, orange,
red
Visual Pigments
 Four visual pigments:

 Rhodopsin: present in rods
 3 cone pigments
 Erythrolabe (R cones): red, 570 nm
 Cyanolabe (B cones): blue, 440 nm
 Chlorolabe (G cones): green, 540 nm
Visual cycle
Rhodopsin: visual purple

Scotopsin- protein part
Retinene - 11-cis retinal- derivative of Vit

1
A

 (Metarhodopsin II)- Activated rhodopsin-

brings about electrical changes in rods
S tru ctu re o f R h o d o p sin
Rhodopsin - Retinal visual
cycle
Phototransduction
Phototransduction
Rhodopsin Kinase
inactivates
metarhodopsin II within
seconds
Ca2 + activates adenylyl
cyclase which in turn
increases cGMP & inhibits
phosphodiesterase
Activation of rods by light
 In dark, Na+ ions are continually

pumped out from inner segment
 Outer segment is very leaky to Na+
ions
 In dark, rods are less negative (-40
mv)
 On activation there will be closure of
leaky Na+ channels leading to
hyperpolarization (upto -70 mv)
 Receptor potential peaks in 0.3 secs

 It is 4 times faster in cones

 Receptor potential is directly
proportional to logarithm of light
intensity
Regulation of retinal sensitivity
Dark adaptation: person exposed to light

for many hours is suddenly exposed to
darkness.
 Difficulty in visualizing for long time
Light adaptation: reverse of the above
 Sensitivity of eye can change by 1

million times
 Registration of image requires both light
& dark spots

Dark adaptation
Mechanisms of dark & light
adaptations
1.Availability of light sensitive pigments

 2. Changes In pupillary size


 3. Neural adaptation
Night Blindness
 Impaired vision at night or in dim

light situations
 Rhodopsin deficiency affecting rods
 Most common cause - prolonged
Vitamin A deficiency
 Rods degenerate
Color Vision
Complementary colors
Primary colors: Red (647-723nm), Green
(492-575) & Blue (450-492)


Prim a ry C o lo rs
Red
G re e n
B lu e
3 Attributes of Color
 Hue
 “color”
 color perception denoted by blue, red,
purple, etc
 Depends largely on what the eye and brain
perceive to be the predominant
wavelength Mean
present in the
Hue incoming light
# Photons
blue green yellow
Wavelength
 Saturation
 purity or richness of a color
 When all the light seen by the eye is the
same wavelength, the color is fully
saturated
 e.g. pink is a desaturated red
Variance Saturation
hi. high
# Photons
med. medium
low low
Wavelength
 Brightness
 Quantity of light coming from an object
(the number of photons striking the
eye)
 B. Area
Area Lightness
Brightness

# Photons
bright
dark
Wavelength
 Young-Helmholtz theory:
Three types of cones
with sensitivity to three
primary colors

 S, M & L pigments

 S pigment gene-
Chromosome 7

 M & L pigment genes on X

Chromosome

 Color perception depends

on the percentage
stimulation of all 3 cones
Visual Pigments
 Four visual pigments:

 Rhodopsin: present in rods
 3 cone pigments
 Erythrolabe (R cones): red, 570 nm
 Cyanolabe (B cones): blue, 440 nm
 Chlorolabe (G cones): green, 540 nm
Color Blindness
 Congenital lack of one or more cone
types
 Deficit or absence of red or green
cones most common
 Sex-linked trait
 Most common in males
W h a t n u m b e rs ca n yo u se e in e a ch o f th e se ?
Tests for color vision
 Pseudo-isochromatic chart test
(Ishihara’s plates)
 Elridge Green lantern
 Holmgren’s wool test
Color blindness
-anomaly: weakness
-anopia: absence or loss
-prot: red color
-deter: green color
-trit: blue color
 Monochromat
 Dichromat
 Trichromat
Tests for color blindness:
1 Ishihara’s chart
2 Edridge Green Lantern
3 Holmgren’s Wool test
Color Blindness:
Trichromats- Protanomaly, Deutranomaly
Dichromats- Protanopia, Deutranopia,
Tritanopia
Monochromats
Red-Green color Blindness: difficulty in
distinguishing red, orange, green &

yellow; X-linked inheritance
Trichromats
 92% of the population who have

“normal” color vision
 Have all 3 different kinds of cones,
normal concentration of cone
pigments, normal retinal wiring
Congenital Dichromatism
 Cones themselves are normal, but

one of the 3 contains the wrong
pigment
 Deutranopes:
 Lack green pigment
 Protanopes
 Lack red pigment
 Tritanopes
 Lack blue pigment

Congenital Dichromatism
 Mode of inheritance: sex-linked

recessive
 Men almost exclusively manifest the
disorder
 Women are carriers
Red-Green color blindness
 Seen in 8% of males and 0.4% of
females
 X-linked recessive disorder
 Females are carriers
 Defect of red or green cones

 Protanomaly
 Deutranomaly
 Tritanomaly
 Protanopia
 Deutranopia
Electrical activity of retinal cells
 Only ganglion cells produce action

potentials

 Receptors- hyperpolarization

 Bipolar cells-
depolarization/hyperpolarization
Light
© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

Retinal Receptive Fields
Receptive field structure in bipolar cells
LIGHT
Direct excitatory
Receptors component (D)
Indirect
inhibitory
component (I)
Horizontal
Cells
Direct Path D+I
Bipolar Cell
Indirect Path
A. WIRING DIAGRAM B. RECEPTIVE FIELD PROFILES

Processing of visual image in retina
 Formation of three images


First image: Photoreceptors


Second image: Bipolar cells


Third image: Ganglion cells


Pro ce ssin g o f V isu a lIn fo rm a tio n in th e
R e tin a
In a se n se , th e p ro ce ssin g o f visu a lin fo rm a tio n in
th e re tin a in vo lve s th e fo rm a tio n o f th re e im a g e s.
T h e first im a g e , fo rm e d b y th e a ctio n o f lig h t o n th e
p h o to re ce p to rs, is ch a n g e d to a se co n d im a g e in
th e b ip o la r ce lls, a n d th is in tu rn is co n ve rte d to a
th ird im a g e in th e g a n g lio n ce lls.
In th e fo rm a tio n o f th e se co n d im a g e , th e sig n a lis
a lte re d b y th e h o rizo n ta lce lls, a n d in th e fo rm a tio n
o f th e th ird , it is a lte re d b y th e a m a crin e ce lls.
T h e re is little ch a n g e in th e im p u lse p a tte rn in th e
la te ra l g e n icu la te b o d ie s, so th e th ird im a g e
re a ch e s th e o ccip ita lco rtex .
Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:
On-center Off-surround
Response
Time
Stimulus condition Electrical response


Response
Time


Response
Time


Response
Time


Response
Time


Response
Time

RF of On-center Off-surround cells
Neural Response Receptive Field Response Profile
Center
Firing on-center
Rate
Surround
off-surround
Horizontal Position
On Off

RF of Off-center On-surround cells
Neural Response Receptive Field Response Profile
Surround
Center
Firing on-surround
Rate
Surround
Center
off-center
On Off Horizontal Position

Cortical Receptive Fields
Three classes of cells in V1
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells

Visual cortex processing
 Most fibers from LGB end in layer 4

 Fibers from intralaminar portion end
in blobs present in layer 2 & 3
 Simple cells: respond to bars of light,
lines & edges if in particular
orientation
 Complex cells: fire when lines are
moved laterally
Simple Cells: “Line Detectors”

A. Light Line Detector B. Dark Line Detector
Firing Firing
Rate Rate
Horizontal Position Horizontal Position

Simple Cells: “Edge Detectors”
C. Dark-to-light Edge Detector D. Light-to-dark Edge Detector
Firing Firing
Rate Rate
Horizontal Position Horizontal Position

Constructing a line detector
Cortical
Retina LGN Area V1
Center-
Receptive Fields Surround Simple Cell
Cells

Complex Cells
STIMULUS NEURAL RESPONSE
00o
Time

Complex Cells
60 o
0
Time

Complex Cells
90 o
0
Time

Complex Cells
120 o
0
Time

Constructing a Complex Cell
Retina Cortical Area V1
Receptive Fields Simple Cells Complex Cell

Hypercomplex Cells
Time

Hypercomplex Cells
Time

Hypercomplex Cells
Time

Hypercomplex Cells
Time
“End-stopped” Cells
Constructing a Hypercomplex Cell
RETINA CORTICAL AREA V1
Receptive Fields Complex Cell End-stopped Cell

 This is the so-called
"Ice Cube" model of
the visual cortex
illustrating cortical
architecture. This
1mm by 1mm region
of cortex contains all
orientations,
columns for both the
left and right eyes,
and blobs.
 Orientation columns: vertical columns of
1mm diameter
 Ocular dominance columns: layer 4 cells
alternate with inputs from two eyes
 Color pathways project to ‘blobs’ &
layer IV c of area 17 and from there
on to V8
Neurons in many cortical areas are arranged into functional columnar
structures spanning from the pial surface to the white matter tracts. A
cortical column is defined by a group of neurons arranged vertically that
share a similar receptive field.
For example, as an electrode oriented perpendicular to the surface of the
primary visual cortex is penetrated deeper into the cortex, all neurons
encountered will respond to a bar of light angled at 45 degrees from the
horizon (Figure 1, left)1. However, neurons recorded from an electrode inserted
parallel to the cortical surface will show gradually changing orientation
selectivity (Figure 1, right).

Photo Chemistry of Vision

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Photo Chemistry of Vision

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PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF

both rods & cones

from photopic to scotopic vision

 Photons are classified according to

 Retinal photoreceptors contain

 Four visual pigments:

Rhodopsin: visual purple

Retinene - 11-cis retinal- derivative of Vit

 (Metarhodopsin II)- Activated rhodopsin-

 In dark, Na+ ions are continually

Dark adaptation: person exposed to light

 Sensitivity of eye can change by 1

 2. Changes In pupillary size

 Impaired vision at night or in dim

(492-575) & Blue (450-492)

blue green yellow

 M & L pigment genes on X

 Color perception depends

 Four visual pigments:

-prot: red color

-deter: green color

-trit: blue color

Trichromats- Protanomaly, Deutranomaly

Dichromats- Protanopia, Deutranopia,

Red-Green color Blindness: difficulty in

distinguishing red, orange, green &

 92% of the population who have

 Cones themselves are normal, but

 Mode of inheritance: sex-linked

 Only ganglion cells produce action

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

Receptive field structure in bipolar cells

A. WIRING DIAGRAM B. RECEPTIVE FIELD PROFILES

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

 Formation of three images

First image: Photoreceptors

Second image: Bipolar cells

Third image: Ganglion cells

Stimulus condition Electrical response

Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:

Stimulus condition Electrical response

Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:

Stimulus condition Electrical response

Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:

Stimulus condition Electrical response

Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:

Stimulus condition Electrical response

Receptive field structure in ganglion cells:

Stimulus condition Electrical response

RF of On-center Off-surround cells

Neural Response Receptive Field Response Profile

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

RF of Off-center On-surround cells

Neural Response Receptive Field Response Profile

On Off Horizontal Position

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

Three classes of cells in V1

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

 Most fibers from LGB end in layer 4

Simple Cells: “Line Detectors”

Horizontal Position Horizontal Position

© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

Simple Cells: “Edge Detectors”