EMERGENCY

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 ACCIDENT
 Refers to sudden unexpected
mishaps.

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 FIRST AID
Is the skilled application of treatment,
using facilities or materials available at
that time, that any trained individual gives
an ill or injured person while waiting for
medical assistance to arrive.

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 The one who gives first aid always
strives to meet these AIMS.

P – Prolong life
A – Aid in recovery
P – Prevent added and further injury
A – Alleviate nursing

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 1. SURVEY THE SCENE

D – Danger
R – Response & Consciousness

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 2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL HELP

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 3. PRIMARY SURVEY
A – Airway
B – Breathing
C – Circulation
S – Secondary Survey (Head to Toe Exam)

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 PRIMARY SURVEY: A-B-C
Check for SIGNS OF LIFE

OPEN THE AIRWAY

 Head-tilt/chin-lift – open victim’s airway by
tilting their head back with one hand while
lifting up their chin with your other hand.

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Check for A-B-C

ASSESS FOR SIGNS OF LIFE

(Breathing & Circulation)

 Position your cheek close to victim’s nose

and mouth, look towards victim’s chest,
and look, listen, and feel for
breathing(10seconds) and body
movements.

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 SIGNS FOR CIRCULATION

 Breathing
 Coughing
 Sneezing
 Vomiting
 Body movement & muscle twitches

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IF NO SIGNS OF LIFE

 Pinch victim’s nose closed & give 2 full

breaths into victims mouth
(use micro-shield).
 If breaths won’t go in, reposition head and
try again to give breaths.
 If no pulse and not breathing do CPR

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If the person becomes unconscious, put into
the recovery position.

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 SECONDARY SURVEY
1. VITAL SIGNS
 Temperature
 Cardiac rate
 Pulse rate
 Respiratory rate
 Blood Pressure

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2. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT (Head to Toe)
 Priority:
1. Bleeding
2. Musculoskeletal Injuries
 Assess for DCAPBTLS
D – Deformity B – Burns
C – Contusion T – Tenderness
A – Abrasion L – Laceration
P – Puncture S – Swelling
- Penetrating Injuries
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 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
WOUNDS Classification:
1. Closed Wounds
 Wounds without external bleeding.
 Bruises, organ rupture, internal hemorrhage.

2. Open Wounds
 Wounds that bleeds externally.
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 TYPES OF BLEEDING
 Arterial Bleeding
- Most dangerous type
- Bright red in color
- Spurting in characters
 Capillary Bleeding
- Least dangerous
- Dripping in character

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 Minor wounds

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 Major wounds

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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Minor Wounds

1. Wash with clean water

2. Clean the wound
3. Apply antibiotic ointment

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Major Wounds

1. Control bleeding
2. Apply bandage
3. Transport to the hospital

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 COTROLLING BLEEDING
Apply direct pressure to the wound.
(at this time a direct pressure bandage maybe used)

Elevate (do no further harm)

Pressure point additional pressure maybe

applied to a pressure point to help reduce
bleeding
Torniquet – last resort
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 BURNS
 Definition:
- Tissue destruction due to intense heat,
chemical exposure, radiation, or electrocution.

 Types of burn:
- Thermal Burns (most common)
- Chemical Burns
- Radiation Burns
- Electrical Burns (most lethal)

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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
For 1st and 2nd degree burns:
• Remove from the cause burn
• Remove tight fitting clothes and jewelries in case
swelling develops.
• Cool the area immediately in running cold water for
about 10-15 minutes.
• Pain management: Apply ice pack for 20 minutes,
remove it for 10 minutes, then reapply until pain
subsides.
• Do not break any blisters.
• Keep the area as clean as possible.
• If a first or second degree affects large area of the body
or affects a sensitive area (e.g. eyes, throat, face, chest)
then medical attention should be sought as soon as
possible.
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For third degree burns:
• Call for emergency transportation (911)
• Do not put anything on the burn
• Treat the person for shock
For electrical burns, check for an exit wounds as well
As treating for the entrance wound.

For chemical burns, flush the area with lots of water

To get it off the person’s skin.

Never apply ointment, butter, or other remedies on

burns, as this may make the burn worse, keep the
heat trapped in, or cause an infection.
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For person whose body is caught on fire:

 Instruct to roll over the ground

• Cover with wet blanket
• Cover with sand

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 MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES

 Types:

 Sprain – injury of the joint by

stretching or tearing
 Strain – injury to the muscle by
stretching or tearing
 Dislocation – separation of joints
 Fracture – broken bone continuity
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 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
1. R- Rest for minor injuries
2. I- Immobilization
3. C- Cold Compress
4. E- Elevation
5. S- Splinting
6. T- Transport to the hospital

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POISONING

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 POISONING
Poisoning - the process of introducing a
poison in the body.
(intentional or accidental)

Poison – A poison is any substance which

causes injury, illness, or death.

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Classifications:

• Absorption
• Ingestion
• Inhalation
• Injection

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 Common Causes
Household
detergents
and cleaning
products
Insecticides

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 Common Causes

Animals
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 Common Causes
 Illicit
drug
overdose
(accidental or
intentional)
 Household
plants (eating
toxic plants)
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 Common Causes
 Carbon
monoxide gas
(from furnaces,
gas engines,
fires, space
heaters)
 Occupational
chemical
exposures
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 Common Causes
 Paints
(swallowing or
inhaling fumes)
 Cosmetics
(incorrectly
used)

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 Common Causes
 Medicines
(such as an
aspirin
overdose)
 Food poisoning

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 Symptoms
Abdominal
pain

Bluishlips
Chest pain
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 Symptoms
Confusio
n
Cough
diarrhea
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 Symptoms
Difficulty
breathing
Dizziness
Double
vision
Drowsiness
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 Symptoms
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Numbness or
tingling
 Seizures
 Headache

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 Symptoms
 Fever
 Skin rash or burns
 Stupor
 Unconsciousness
 Unusual breath
odour
 Weakness

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 Symptoms
 Heart palpitations
 Irritability
 Loss of appetite
 Loss of bladder
control
 Muscle twitching
 Pale Skin

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 Symptoms
 Excessive
salivation,
sweating, and
tear formation.
 Large (dilated) or
small
(constricted)
pupils.
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 How poison gets into the body

 Through the
mouth by
swallowing
(ingestion)
 By injection
through the
skin

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 How poison gets into the body

 From inhaled
smoke, gasses,
and chemicals.
 Absorbed
poisons are
taken into the
body through
unbroken skin.
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 Absorbed (Dermal) Poison
These poison enter the body through skin
contact.
• Liquid Form • Powder Form
S/sx:
• Burning Sensation
• Itchiness
• Swelling and Discoloration
• Burns
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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
C - Call poison control center (911)
R - Remove clothing drench with poison
I - If in powder form, BRUSH off first
P – Pour immediately with running water
Pour running water:
• Shower
• Hose
• Faucet

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 INGESTED POISONING

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 INGESTION
These poison is swallowed or come in
contact with mouth and lips. They include
items found in home such as medication,
cleaning products, pesticides, and plants.

Types: Corrosive
Non-Corrosive

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S/sx

• Nausea/Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• GI Spasm
• Odd breath
• Loss of consciousness

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 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Corrosive
a.) Conscious – CASS
C – Call poision control (911)
A – Assess and ask what he took
S – Seek medical help
S – Support ABC

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 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Corrosive
b.) Unconscious – CAPS

 C – Call poision control (911)

 A – Assess: Maintain ABC (Use Barriers)
 P – Position:Left Side
 S – Seek medical help

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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
2. Non-Corrosive
a.) Conscious – CAS

C – Call poison control (911)

A – Assess and ask what he took
S – Seek medical help

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 INHALATION
These type of poison are breathed unto
lungs. These includes gases and fumes
such as carbon monoxide from a car
exhaust or faulty furnace or heater;
nitrous oxide, chlorine gas found in
commercial swimming facilities; and
fumes from household and industrial
products, such as glues, paints, and
cleaning solvent.
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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
F – For inhaled poisons move the person to
fresh air immediately as long as it is
safe to do so
C - Call for HELP
I - Initiate BLS if needed.
T - Transport to hospital.

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 INJECTION
These poisons enter the body through
bites or sting of bees, wasps, insects,
spiders, ticks, animals, and snakes, or
as drugs injected with a needle.
- Bee Stings
- Snake Bites
-human bites
Complication: SHOCK!
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 MANAGING INJECTED POISON
TREATMENT

 For Insect bites,

 Scrape stinger from
the skin with a plastic
card. Do not use
tweezers.

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 MANAGING INJECTED POISON
TREATMENT

 Wash the area with

soap and water.
 Place a cold pack to
area to reduce
swelling and pain.

 Transport to nearest
medical treatment facility

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 MANAGING INJECTED POISON
TREATMENT
For human bite or animal
bite,
 Control bleeding with
direct pressure and
elevation.
 Wash the area with soap
and warm water, apply a
sterile dressing.
 Transport to nearest
medical treatment facility.

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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. Call for help.
2. Scrape stinger-off with
a flat and sturdy
material.
3. Apply weak alkali (acid
venom)
1.) Baking soda/ammonia
4. Treat for Shock
1.) Epinephrine
2.) Antihistamines
5. Transport to ER.

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Snake Bites

S/sx:
- Fang Marks
- Bruises
- Inflammation
- Severe Pain

Complication:

Shock & Death

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 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. Call for help
2. Avoid unnecessary movement
3. Keep calm
4. Wash wound and let it bleed
5. Transport to ER
1.) Antivenin
2.) Supportive

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