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BTECH1101 • Fundamental of Computer Systems

CHAPTER 10
Information System Development
Discovering Computers 2008 (Fundamentals Fourth Edition)
Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Misty E. Vermaat

FACULTY OF INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Tel : 603 8317 8833 (Ext 8124)
taufiq@limkokwing.edu.my
Chapter 10 Objectives

List
Listthe
thephases
phasesininthe
thesystem
systemdevelopment
developmentcycle
cycle
Describe
Describethe
thevarious
varioustools
toolsused
usedininobject
object
modeling
modeling
Identify
Identifythe
theguidelines
guidelinesfor
forsystem
systemdevelopment
development
Explain
Explainthe
theactivities
activitiesperformed
performedininthe
thedesign
design
Discuss phase
phase
Discussthetheimportance
importanceof
ofproject
projectmanagement,
management,
feasibility
feasibilityassessment,
assessment,documentation,
documentation,andanddata
data
and information gathering techniques
and information gathering techniques Recognize
Recognizethe
thedevelop
developprograms
programsactivity
activityisispart
part
of the system development cycle
of the system development cycle
Explain
Explainthe
theactivities
activitiesperformed
performed
ininthe
theplanning
planningphase
phase
Discuss
Discussthe
theactivities
activitiesperformed
performedininthe
the
implementation phase
implementation phase
Discuss
Discussthe
thepurpose
purposeofofthe
theactivities
activities
performed
performedininthe
theanalysis
analysisphase
phase
Discuss
Discussthethepurpose
purposeof
ofthe
theactivities
activitiesperformed
performed
ininthe
the operation, support, and securityphase
operation, support, and security phase
Describe
Describethe
thevarious
varioustools
toolsused
usedininprocess
process
modeling
modeling

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is an information system (IS)?

Hardware,
Hardware,software,
software, System—Set
System—Setof of
data,
data,people,
people,and
and components
componentsthat
thatinteract
interact
procedures
proceduresthatthatwork
work to
toachieve
achievecommon
commongoalgoal
together
togethertotoproduce
produce
quality
qualityinformation
information
Businesses
Businessesuseusemany
many
types
typesof
ofsystems
systems

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What are the phases of the system development cycle?
Phase 2. Analysis
 Conduct preliminary investigation
Phase 1. Planning  Perform detailed analysis activities:
Phase 3. Design
 Review project requests Study current system
 Acquire hardware
 Prioritize project Determine user requirements and software, if
requests Recommend solution necessary
 Allocate resources  Develop details of
 Form project system
development team

Phase 5. Operating, Support, Phase 4. Implementation


and Security  Develop programs, if necessary
 Perform maintenance activities  Install and test new system
 Monitor system performance  Train users
 Assess system security  Convert to new system

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What are guidelines for system development?

Arrange tasks into phases


(groups of activities)
Involve users (anyone for whom system is
being built)

Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company


expects employees to follow)

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
Who participates in the system development life cycle?

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is a systems analyst?

Responsible for designing


and developing information
system

Liaison between users and IT


professionals

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is the project team?

Formed to work on project from beginning to end

Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals


Project leader—one member of the team who
manages and controls project budget and
schedule

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is project management?
 Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling
activities during system development cycle
 Project leader identifies elements for project
Goal,
Goal, objectives,
objectives, and
and Time
Time estimates
estimates for
for each
each
expectations,
expectations, collectively
collectively Required
Required activities
activities activity
activity
called
called scope
scope

Cost
Cost estimates
estimates forfor each
each Activities
Activities that
that can
can take
take
activity Order
Order of
of activities
activities
activity place
place at
at same
same time
time

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is a Gantt chart?
 Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships
among project activities

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is project management software?
 Program (such as Microsoft Office Project 2003) used by
project leaders to plan, schedule, and control projects

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is feasibility?
Operational
feasibility
Measure of
how suitable
Four
system
feasibility
development
tests:
will be to the Schedule
company feasibility

Economic
feasibility
(also called Technical
cost/benefit feasibility
feasibility)

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What is documentation?
Collection and summarization
of data and information

Includes reports, diagrams,


programs, and other deliverables

Project notebook contains all


documentation for single project

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


System Development Life Cycle
What are six data and information gathering techniques?

 Review documentation
 Observe
 Questionnaire
 Interview
 Joint-application
design (JAD) session
 Research

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


What Initiates the System Development Cycle?

What are some reasons to create or modify an information


system?

To correct problem To improve


in existing system existing system

Outside group may Competition can


mandate change lead to change

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


What Initiates the System Development Cycle?

What is a request for system services?


 Formal request for
new or modified
information system
 Also called
project request

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Planning Phase
What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project request

Steering
committee—
decision-making
body for the
company

Function of committee:

Form project
Review and
Prioritize development
approve Allocate
project team for each
project resources
requests approved
requests
project

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
What is the analysis phase?

Conduct preliminary Perform detailed


investigation, also analysis
called feasibility
study

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
What is the preliminary investigation?
 Determine exact nature of problem or improvement
and whether it is worth pursuing
 Findings are presented in feasibility report, also known as a feasibility study

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
What is detailed analysis?
1. Study how current system
works

2. Determine user’s wants,


needs, and requirements

3. Recommend solution

Sometimes called logical


design

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
What is the
Assesses
system proposal? feasibility
of each
alternative
solution

Presented to
Recommends steering
the most committee,
feasible which decides
solution for how system will
the project be developed

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
Horizontal
Horizontalmarket
market
What are possible solutions? software—meets
software
software—meets
software
needs
needsofofmany
many
Buy
Buypackaged
packagedsoftware—
software— companies
companies
prewritten
prewrittensoftware
softwareavailable
availablefor
for
purchase
purchase Vertical
Verticalmarket
market
software—
software
software—
software
designed
designedforfor
Write
Writeown
owncustom
customsoftware—
software— particular industry
particular industry
software
softwaredeveloped
developedat atuser’s
user’s
request
request

Outsource—have
Outsource—haveoutside
outsidesource
source
develop
developsoftware
software

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Analysis Phase
What is an example of outsourcing?
 Using Internet solutions provider
 Internet solutions provider provides Web hosting services

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is the design phase?

Acquire
Acquire hardware
hardware and
and software
software

Develop
Develop all
all details
details of
of new
new or
or
modified
modified information
information system
system

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?
 Identify all hardware and software requirements of new
or modified system

Identify
Identify technical
technical Solicit
Solicit vendor
vendor
specifications
specifications proposals
proposals

Test
Test and
and evaluate
evaluate
vendor
vendor proposals
proposals Make
Make aa decision
decision

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What are three basic documents used to
summarize technical specifications?
Vendor quotes
Identifies Request for quotation (RFQ) price(s) for
product(s) listed
you want product(s)

Vendor selects Request for proposal (RFP)


product(s) that
meet(s) your
requirements and
then quotes Less formal method
price(s) that uses standard
form to request
information about
Request for information (RFI) product or service

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
How do systems analysts test software products?
 References from vendor
 Talk to current users of
product
 Product demonstrations
 Trial version of software
 Benchmark test
measures performance

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is a detailed design?
Detailed design specifications for components in proposed
solution
Sometimes
Sometimescalled
called
physical design
physical design

Includes several activities

Database
Database Input
Inputand
and Program
Program
design
design output
outputdesign
design design
design

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is a mockup?
 Sample of input or output that contains actual data

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is a layout chart?
 Input or output that contains programming-like
notations for data items

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is a prototype?

Working model of
proposed system

Beginning a
prototype too early
may lead to problems

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
 Software tools designed to support activities of system development
cycle
Project repository—Stores
diagrams, specifications, Graphics—Enables drawing Prototyping—Creates
descriptions, programs, and of diagrams models of proposed system
other deliverables

Code generators—Create
Quality assurance—Analyzes
actual computer programs
deliverables for accuracy
from design specifications

Housekeeping—Establishes
user accounts and provides
backup and recovery
functions

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Design Phase
What is an inspection?

Step-by-step review by
Used to review detailed
project team and users
design specifications
of any system development
before they are given
to programming team
cycle deliverable

Used throughout entire


Identifies any errors
system development
and allows IT personnel
cycle to review a variety
to correct them
of deliverables

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Implementation Phase
What is the implementation phase?
 Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified
system and then deliver it to users
Convert to new system

Train users

Install and test new system

Develop programs

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Implementation Phase
What is the program development cycle?
 Programmers write
programs from Analyze
requirement
specifications s
 Follows six steps Document Design
solution solution

Test Validate
solution design

Implement
design

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Implementation Phase
What are the four types of tests performed by system
developers?

Unit Test Systems test

Verifies each Verifies all programs


individual program in application work
works by itself together

Integration Test Acceptance Test

Verifies application Verifies the new


works with other system works with
applications actual data

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Implementation Phase
What is training?
 Showing users exactly
how they will use new
hardware and software in
system

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Implementation Phase
What are conversion strategies?
 Used to change from old system to new system

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Operation, Support, and Security Phase
What is the operation, support, and security phase phase?
 Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented

Conduct post-implementation system review—meeting


review to
find out if information system is performing according to
expectations

Perform Maintenance Activities

Monitor System Performance

Assess System Security

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Information System Security
What is a computer security plan?
 Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in
place to protect a company’s information assets

Identify all For each risk,


security risks identify the
Identify all
safeguards
information that may
that exist
assets of an cause an to detect,
organization information prevent, and
loss recover from a loss

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems


Summary of Information System Development

Phases
Phasesin
inthe
thesystem
system
development
developmentcycle
cycle Activities
Activitiesthat
thatoccur
occurduring
duringthe
the

entire
entiresystem
systemdevelopment
development
Guidelines
Guidelinesfor
forsystem
system cycle
cycle
development
development

BTECH1101 Fundamental of Computer Systems

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