Environmental Management

M IBRAHIM BATHUSHA
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
PSG College of Technology,
Coimbatore – 641 004,
bathusha_2000@yahoo.com
Environmental management
Environmental management is not, as
the phrase could suggest, the
management of the environment as such,
but rather the management of interaction
by the modern human societies with, and
impact upon the environment.. The three
main issues that an environmental
manager need to involve are politics
(networking), programs (projects), and
resources (money, facilities, etc.).
Environmental management
Environmental management involves the
management of all components of the bio-
physical environment, both living (biotic)
and non-living (abiotic).
Environmental management
A more common philosophy and impetus
behind environmental management is the
concept of carrying capacity of environment.
Carrying capacity refers to the maximum
number of organisms a particular resource
can sustain. For example self-purification
capacity of river / natural cleansing capability
of atmosphere / assimilative capacity of soil.
Energy Management and
Various forms of Energy
Global Energy Usage Pattern
Global Energy Usage Pattern
Renewable Energy Usage Pattern
Renewable Energy
 Renewable Energy
Potential of India
Technology Potential Cum. Installation
upto March 31,
2002
Wind Power 45,000 MW 1,617 MW

Small Hydropower 15,000 MW 1,437 MW

(< 25 MW)

Biomass 19,500 MW 432 MW

Energy from Waste 1,700 MW 22 MW

Solar photovoltaic - 1.9 MW

Source: MNES, GOI, 2004

List of Waste-to-Energy Projects Installed/Commissioned

SrNo Name of the Project Capacity Year of

. commissioning
1 Under National Programme: 2.75 MW 1996-97
Rice husk based power generation
project at Gowthami Oil Solvents
Ltd., Tanuku, A.P.

2 Biogas based power project at K.M. 1 MW 1997-98

Sugar Mills at Faizabad, U.P.

3 Biogas based power project at 2 MW 1998-99

Kanoria Chemicals & Industries
Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat

4 Biogas based power project at Som 2.7 MW 1999-2000

Distilleries Ltd., Raisen, M.P.

5 Biogas plant based on Starch 8000 cu m 1999-2000

Industry Wastes at Vensa biogas per
Biotek, Samalkot, A.P. day (0.70
MWe)
 List of Waste-to-Energy Projects Installed/Commissioned

9 Biomethanation Plant based on 0.2 MW 2001-02

Sago Industry Waste at M/s
Varalakshmi, Tamil Nadu

10 MSW based pelletisation project 100 tpd 2001-02

by SELCO, Hyderabad (Phase (4.00 MWe)
II)

11 Biogas based power generation 10,000 cu m 2001-02

project by M/s Universal biogas per
Starch-Chem Ltd., Dhule, day (0.90
Maharashtra Mwe)
12 Biogas based power generation 2.0 MW 2002-03
project by M/s Saraya
Distillary, Gorakhpur, U.P.

   
 5 MW Power Generation Project for
Municipal Solid Waste at Lucknow
Promoter : Asia Bio-Energy (A consortium
of companies in Austria,Germany,
Singapore and India)

Technology : BIMA (Biogas tech) from Austria

plus some equipment from Germany
Capacity : 5.0 MW (nett), 5.6 MW (gross) power
: 80 TPD manure

Input Waste : About 500 TPD

Project Cost : Rs 73 crore.

Status : Commissioning by March 2003)

Details of project for energy from
Solid Waste at Al Kabeer
Waste : 60 MT/day
Biogas : 3000 - 4000 cum per
day
Manure : 20 tpd
Cost : Rs 4.00 crore
Income per annum
Saving of furnace oil : Rs 40 lakh (Rs 1 cr as
power)
Sale of Manure : Rs 120 lakh
 1.2 MW Power Project for
Poultry Waste at Namakkal
Promoter : G.K. Bio-Energy
Pvt. Ltd.
Capacity : 1.2 MW
Waste : About 200 TPD
Organic Manure : 35-40 TPD
Total Cost : Rs. 14.02 crore
Capital Subsidy : Rs. 3.51 crore
Status of the : Execution in
Project progress
 EMS – ISO 14000
ISO 14001 is a standard for environmental
management systems to be implemented in any
business, regardless of size, location or income.
The aim of the standard is to reduce the
environmental footprint of a project and to
decrease the pollution and waste discharges an
industry may produce. The most recent version
of ISO 14001 was released in 2004 by the
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) which has representation from committees
all over the world.
 EMS – ISO 14000
The ISO 14000
environmental management standards
help organizations minimize how their
operations negatively affect the
environment. In structure it is similar to
ISO 9000 quality management and both
can be implemented side by side.
ISO 14000 standards are formulatd on the
basis of BS 7500 on quality.
 EMS – ISO 14000
In order for an organization to be awarded
an ISO 14001 certificate they must be
externally audited by an audit body that
has been accredited by an accreditation
body. Certification auditors need to be
accredited by the International Registrar of
Certification Auditors. The certification
body has to be accredited by the Registrar
Accreditation Board in the USA, or the
National Accreditation Board in Ireland.
 Major elements of ISO 14000 standard are:

1. General Requirements - Defines the system layout -

Environmental Policy.
2. Planning - Includes environmental aspects, legal and
other requirements, objectives and targets and
environmental management programs.
3. Implementation and operation - Includes structure and
responsibility, training, awareness and competence,
communication, environmental management system
documentation, document control, operation control, and
emergency preparedness and response systems.
4. Checking and Corrective action - Includes monitoring
and measurement of non-conformance and corrective
and preventive action, records and environmental system
audit.
5. Management review
 EMS – ISO 14000
ISO 14001 Environmental management
systems—Requirements with guidance for use
ISO 14004 Environmental management
systems—General guidelines on principles,
systems and support techniques
ISO 14015 Environmental assessment of sites
and organizations
ISO 14020 series (14020 to 14025)
Environmental labels and declarations
ISO 14031 Environmental performance
evaluation—Guidelines
ISO 14040 series (14040 to 14049), Life Cycle
Assessment, LCA, discusses pre-production
planning and environment goal setting.
 EMS – ISO 14000
ISO 14050 terms and definitions.
ISO 14062 discusses making
improvements to environmental impact
goals.
ISO 14063 Environmental communication
—Guidelines and examples
ISO 19011 which specifies one audit
protocol for both 14000 and 9000 series
standards together. This replaces ISO
14011 meta-evaluation—how to tell if
your intended regulatory tools worked.
19011 is now the only recommended way
to determine this.
 ISO 14000 Certification Process
1. Obtain management commitment
2. Develop steering committee
3. Gather environmental aspect - impact data
4. Develop environmental policy/goals
5. Evaluate applicability of legal requirements, its compliance
and existing programs against ISO 14001
6. Develop action plan
7. Analyze and undertake changes addressing 14001
8. Perform internal audits against 14001
9. Evaluate system performance through Management Review
and correct management system deficiencies
10. Achieve accredited third party ISO 14001 certification
11. Internal audits
12.Surveillance Audit
 ISO 14000 Certification Process
Pre-Audit Process
Certification Audit
Internal Audit – to minimise non-
conformities
Surveillance Audit
 Advantages
Risk Reduction: Environmental legal liability;
accidents and environmental damage
Cost Reduction: Insurance premiums; waste
handling and disposal costs; reduction in air and
water permitting fees
Competitive Advantage: Improved corporate
image; strategic investment; improved regulatory
relations
 Environmental Ethics
Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
It deals with morals and values.
An ethic is a principle (or) value that we
use to decide whether an action is good or
bad
Environmental ethics is the discipline that
studies the moral relationship of human
beings to, and also the value and moral
status of, the environment and its
nonhuman contents
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
We should not harm any natural entity that has an
intrinsic worth
We should not try to manipulate, control, modify,
manage or interfere with normal functioning of
natural ecosystem, biotic communities or individual
wild or organisms
We should not deceive or mislead any animals
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
Man is the planet’s most important species and is
capable of managing the planet earth.
Earth has an unlimited supply of resources and it
belongs to human beings.
The success of mankind depends upon the
management of earth resources in a rational manner.
Humans have no right to reduce richness and
diversity of life forms except to satisfy vital needs.
It examines various issues such as
obligations (or) responsibilities of humans
towards natural world.
Such ethical questions have led to
development of ethical ideas and
principles for protecting global
environment.
The basic purpose of conservation is to
protect natural resources to produce
Equitable utilization of natural resources.
Equity among the northern and southern
countries.
Equity among people of rural and urban
areas.
Conservation of resources for future
generations.
Environmental rights of animals.
Conservation of traditional value systems
Prevention of hunting and poaching.
Regulation of felling of trees.
Prevention of ecoterrorism.
Use of ecofriendly items.
Keeping the environment need and clean.
Avoid carry bags and plastic items.
Reduce the waste of matter and energy
resources
Place more emphasis on pollution prevention
Recycle and reuse as many of the waste
products and resources.
Make more goods that lasts longer and are
easier to recycle
Depend more on renewable sources like sun,
wind, water, biomasses…
Help sustain earth biodiversity with
emphasize on protecting vital habitats for
wild species.
Use potentially renewable resources.
Discourage earth-degrading behavior.
Reduce poverty by working hard and
slowing the rate of population growth.
 Role of WTO
Aim to identify the relationship between
trade and environment to promote
sustainable development.
Agenda
– Agreement on technical barriers to trade
– Agreement on the application of sanitory and
phytosanitory measures
– Importance of furnishing technical assistance
– Transfer of technology
 Conclusion
All policies and amendments are towards
the developing countries and under
developed countries but major pollutants
are emitted by developed countries.
 OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Ozone layer or ozonosphere is a region of ozone

concentration in the atmosphere.
It is present mainly in the stratosphere.
Extending from 12 to 35 km from the surface of earth.
It is also known as ozone umbrella
Since it protects the surface of earth by absorbing high
energy ultraviolet rays from the sun.
It is the thickest layer in the form of pale blue gas.
It is an allotrope of oxygen.
Early 1960s scientists established that an ozone hole
has occurred in the stratospheric ozone layer over
Antarctica.
 OZONE DEPLETION

Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related

observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent
per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earth's
stratosphere since around 1980, and a much larger, but
seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's
polar regions during the same period.
The latter phenomenon is commonly referred to as the
ozone hole.
 CAUSES FOR OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance
between the production and destruction of stratospheric
ozone is tipped in favour of destruction.
There are two causes viz., natural and anthropogenic
processes
Although natural phenomena can cause temporary ozone
loss, chlorine and bromine released from man-made
compounds such as CFCs are now accepted as the main
cause of this depletion.
Chlorofluorocarbons such as Dichlorofluoromethane
(CCl2f2) is the chemical responsible for formation of
holes in the ozone layer. Emissions of CFCs have
accounted for roughly 80% of total stratospheric ozone
depletion.
 EFFECTS
Increase in solar UVB radiations adversely affects a
number of biological systems.
Effects on human: Basal and Squamous Cell
Carcinomas, Malignant Melanoma, Cortical Cataracts,
Increased Troposphere Ozone ie., the level of ground
level ozone is increased leading to high health risk.
Effects on Crops like rice, corn, maize, pea, wheat.
Effects on phytoplankton.
According to world bank estimates, there are about 3
lakh cases of skin cancer annually and 17 million cases
of cataracts.
Degradation of paints, plastic and other polymer
materials will result in economic loss.
 CARBON TRADE
Introduced 1997 through the Kyoto protocol
About 180 countries participated in
discussion of about reducing green house
gas emission between the year 2008-2012
Carbon is an element stored in fossil fuels
such as coal and oil. when these fuels are
burned carbon dioxide is released and act as
a “Green House Gas”
Carbon trading is quiet similar to the trading
of securities or commodities in market place
 Emission trading

Emission trading is an administrative

approach used to control pollution by
providing economic incentives for
achieving reductions in the emission of
pollutants
It can easily reduce emission most cheaply
achieving the pollution reduction at lowest
possible cost to the society
 overview
The overall goal of an emission trading
plan is to reduce emission
Aiming towards a national emission
reduction target
Emission trading principles are based on
proposals by the technocracy movement of
the 1930’s
 Carbon market
It deals with carbon emission trading
between nations
Carbon emission trading is emission
trading specifically for cabondioxide
It is one of the ways countries can meet
their obligations under the kyoto protocol to
reduce carbon emission and their by
mitigate global warming
Market trend
Business reaction
 Major trading systems
United states
a prominent example of an emission
trading system is so2 trading system under
the frame work of the acid rain program
was1990
so2 emissions are expected to reduce
by 50% from 1980-2010
 European union
European emission trading scheme
(EUETS) is a largest multinational green
house gas emissions trading scheme in
the world
It commends operation in jan2005,27
members states of the European union
 Australia
Australia carbon trading scheme to be
introduced by the year 2012
The new south Wales state government
has set up the NSW green house gas
abatement scheme to reduce emission
from the electricity sector
 Kyoto protocol
The kyoto protocol is a 1997 international
treaty which came into force in 2005 with
six major green house gases
Their intention was to reducing their overall
emissions to 1990 levels by the end of
2012
 PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATIONS (PIL)

Public Interest Litigation, in Indian law, means

litigation for the protection of public interest.
PIL was started to protect the fundamental rights of
people who are poor, ignorant or in
socially/economically disadvantaged position
The concept of Public Interest ligitation(PIL) was
introduced for the first time in the Supreme Court
judgement against a municipality.
It is litigation introduced in a court of law, not by the
aggrieved party but by the court itself or by any
other private party
 ORIGIN OF PIL

In post 1980s and after the emergency era the

apex court decided to reach out to the people and
hence it devised an innovative way wherein a
person or a civil society group could approach the
supreme court seeking legal remedies in cases
where public interest is at stake.
P.N.Bhagwati and Justice V.R.Krishna Iyer were
among the first judges to admit PIL's in the
court.
 Who can file a PIL?

Any person can file a PIL provided:

Member of the public acting bona fide and having
sufficient interest in instituting an action for
redressal of public wrong or public injury.
He is not a mere busy body or a meddlesome
interloper.
His action is not motivated by personal gain or any
other oblique consideration.
 FILING A PIL

A PIL may be filed like a written petition.

The SC has encouraged the filing of PIL for
tackling issues related to environment, human
rights etc
Condition for filing a PIL
– Public injury or public wrong.
– Human rights.
– Frivolous litigation.
 EMPIRICAL STUDY ON PIL

sense of making official authorities accountable to

civil society organisations.
Dealing with major environmental grievances in the
Kolkata agglomeration
Did not tackle underlying problems such as
inadequate town planning.
 PIL (CASE STUDY)

On 31 August Cable Television

Network Act 1995
Professor Pratibha Nathani of St
Xavier's College
The court on 23 August had allowed
the cable operators and channels to
screen only 'U' and 'U/A' certified
films.
Implementation of PIL in
Tiruppur
800 dyeing units face closure.
Karur Taluk Noyyal River Irrigation
Farmers' Association.
13 million litres per day, were polluting the
Noyyal river and spoiling the ground water.
Around 160 units were closed down in
March 1997 and 108 in January this year
following the green bench's order.
Contd….
According to an office-bearer of then
Tiruppur Dyeing Unit Owners' Association,
electrical and mechanical works have been
completed in most ETPS and only pipe laying
remains pending.
Investing over Rs 40 crores on setting up
eight common ETPS.
136 dyeing and bleaching units which have
completed the erection work
Contd…
Tirupur dyers offer Rs. 50 cr. to settle claims
Owners of dyeing and bleaching units in the Tirupur
region have informed the Madras High Court they
are ready to deposit Rs. 50 crore in 10 instalments
towards full and final settlement of all claims by
affected farmers.
A submission to this effect was made on behalf of
the unit-owners when a batch of petitions filed by
the Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association
and others came up for hearing before the First
Bench comprising Chief Justice A.P. Shah and
Justice K. Chandru
 Thanks to
Director and Coordinator –
PSG Institute of Management
for giving me
this opportunity to
share my views