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By:
Bhavya MB(1PI07BT025)
Kavana Prakash(1PI07BT038)
Sindhuja N(1PI07BT050)
 r

1. HAIR STRUCTURE
2. HAIR ANALYSIS
3. MEDULLARY INDEX
4. HAIR PROFILING
5. METHODS OF COLLECTION
6. FIBER ANALYSIS
7. NYLON
8. SILK
9. COTTON
10.BLOOD ANALYSIS
11.BLOOD PROFILING
12.BLOOD GROUPING
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
 HAIR ANALYSIS

ËOne of the most common is hair evidence.

Ë It is helpful in demonstrating physical contact with a
suspect
ËHair is normally taken from the scalp or the pubic area
ËScalp- 50 strands and pubic hair-24 from different
regions
ËHair growth happens in 3 phases -catagen, anagen,
telogen
MEDULLARY INDEX:-
°

 
 
 

   
 
 
.

ËMedullary index is used to distinguish animal hair from

human hair.

ËIn animals medulla makes up more than ½ of total

diameter of hair.

ËIn humans ratio is less than 1/3.

ËMedulla maybe either absent, fragmented, interrupted

or continuous.
HAIR PROFILING- once the hair is got as evidence the following
is done

Ë the length of the hair (cm)

ËThe hair texture- curly/ wavy/ straight
ËThe hair color
ËThe shape of the root- club shaped/ribbon shaped
ËThe hair tip- cut/ razored/ pointing/ burnt

Ë3 samples are collected at a crime scene-

1. Victim͛s
2. Questioned
3. Suspect͛s
6 main methods of collection:-
ËWith hands or with tweezers

ËClear tape ʹ visible and non visible hair

ËVacuuming method

ËBrushing, scarping or shaking of garment

ËPlaced in bag and agitated

ËCombing and clipping method

 FIBER ANALYSIS

IDENTIFICATION TESTS :-

ËMicroscopy test (non destructive test)

ËSolubility test( destructive test)
ËBurning test (destructive test)

GENERAL FEATURES TO BE NOTED

ËDiameter
ËDirection of twist
ËNo. of twists per unit length

For analysis, they are first determined to be natural, manufactured,

or a mix of both.
  :-
ËRegular twists
ËAt 4x magnification ʹ five ͞ shaped twists
ËAppears more like an optic fiber
ËShiny texture
ËColor- off white
ËClean fiber

SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE

STEREO MICROSCOPE
r:-
ËIrregular twists
ËNot distinct due to very smooth surface of fiber
ËColor- magentha
ËTexture- extremely smooth, shiny appearance
ËStrands- numerous- difficult to count

STEREO MICROSCOPE

SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
±°° :-
Ë twisting- not prominent, strands wound around each other
ËThicker than usual fibers
ËColor- white
ËNumerous strands, irregular lengths
ËTexture- rough

STEREO SCANNING ELECTRO

MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPE
 BLOOD ANALYSIS
The blood stains are studied with respect to their geometry and
distribution on various surfaces. This helps in reconstruction of
events:

ËOrigin of the bloodstains

ËDistances between target surface and origin at time of bloodstain

ËTypes and direction of impact that produced bloodstains

ËObjects that produced particular bloodstain pattern

ËPosition of victim , assailant or objects during bloodshed

ËMovement and direction of victim, assailant or objects after

bloodshed
EXPERIMENT:
Determination of height based on diameter of the fallen
blood drops-

  

 


1. 1 ft Upto 1.5
2. 2ft 1.5-2.0
3. 3ft 2.0
4. 4ft 2.0-2.4
4. 5ft 2.5
5. 6ft 2.4-2.6
6. 7ft >2.6
PROFILING OF BLOOD:
 -Presumptive test-
Benzedene test:
-most sensitive test
-can be easily detected even when blood stain is washed from the
surface

 ±
 :
ËSample surface is cut into smaller pieces
Ë2 drops of benzedene solution is added
Ë2 drops of peroxide solution is added

Peroxide oxidises benzedene.Oxidised benzedene reacts with

haemoglobin in blood to give a blue color. This indicates the
presence of blood.
 !-Confirmatory test-
Takayama test(crystal test):
-most widely used

 ±
 :
ËBlood stained samples are mounted on the slide
ËFew drops of Takayama solution is added
ËIt is incubated for 20 sec
ËIt is then cooled and observed under the microscope

Pink coloured needle shaped crystals called  r
r 

|± " . This confirms the presence of blood in the
given sample.
 #-Confirmatory test for human blood-

   :

It is necessary to find out the biological evidence is of human

origin or not. The species specific protein in the blood stain is
identified with help of species specific antibodies.

 ±
 :

àPreparation of extract-

ËThe species specific protein from the blood stain is extracted

into normal salineor 5% ammonium solution.
àCross over electrophoresis-
ËPrepare the agar and pour it over a slide of thickness
1-2mm.Wait till it solidifies.

ËPunch wells in pairs.

ËUsing a pipette fill the cathode side with extract and anode side
with species specific anti-serum.

ËPlace the slide over the electrophoresis chamber.

ËConnect the gel to the buffer tank chamber by two pieces of

filter paper on each side.

ËElectropherese for 20 min at 150 volts . Observe the slide.

BLOOD GROUPING:


:
ËTake three clean and dry test tubes. Mark them A,B and H.
ËCut the bloodstained sample. Put about 2.5mm long threads into
each tube.
ËDip the fabric in anti A serum, anti B serum and anti H lecithin.
ËKeep at 120C overnight.
ËRemove anti-serum and give 3-4 washes with chilled saline.
ËAfter last wash remove whole of normal saline and add 1 drop of
fresh normal saline.
ËPlug the test tube with cotton swab and keep in water bath 56-
600C for 15-20 min.
ËAdd 1 drop of 0.2-0.5% A,B and O indicator cells in respective
tubes and keep it at 40C for half an hour.
ËShake and examine contents for agglutination.