Introduction to Seismic

Migration
Homogeneous dipping planar reflector

V=1 m/s

One-way traveltime
Homogeneous dipping planar reflector

V=1 m/s

One-way traveltime
Homogeneous dipping planar reflector

V=1 m/s

One-way traveltime
Homogeneous dipping planar reflector

Migrated position=true their subsurface location

Stacked position= reflection position

V=1 m/s
One-way traveltime
Dipping reflections
More complex structure
 Definition
Process which moves dipping reflections to their
true subsurface position and collapes
diffractions

Process which reconstructs seismic image from

stack section so that reflections and
difractions are plotted at their true location

Stacked Migration Migrated

section Velocity Operation section
 Objectives
• Moves dipping reflections to their true dip (up
dip) and subsurface location
• Collapes diffraction
• Un-tie bow-tie
Seismic Velocity
 Seismic Velocity
• Instantaneous dz
Vins 
•Represents actual velocity dt
•Similar to the well log velocity T
1 2
Vins T1, 2    Vins  t  dt
T1, 2 T1
• Interval
T2
1
V T1, 2  
•Instantaneous velocity over a defined interval
 ins  t  dt
2 2
ins V
T1, 2 T1
• Root mean square (RMS) t T
1
•Used during NMO and diffraction modeling V t 2
rms  ins  t  dt
V 2

T t 0

• Average t T
1
•Total distance with a total traveltime Vave (T ) 
T V
t 0
ins (t )dt
 RMS and Average Velocity

RMS velocity Average velocity

n n
V 2
int t i V int ti
,n 
2 i 1
Vrms n Vave ,n  i 1
n
 t
i 1
i  t i
i 1
 How to derive velocity
Pre-stack seismic gather stacking velocity
Velocity analysis

Vrms  Vstack cos(dip)

RMS velocity

Dix equation

Interval velocity
 Dix Equation
(Dix,1955)
Assumption
CDP
• Horizontal planar reflectors
• Small offset

tn-1 Vrms(n-1)

1/ 2
 V (n)t n  V (n  1)t n 1 
2 2
Vint (n)  rms rms
 Vint
 t n  t n 1 
tn
Vrms(n)
TWT
 Exercise-1
A
Vab=2000 m/s
Z=1000 m
B
Vbc=4000 m/s
Z=2000 m
C
Vcd=6000 m/s
Z=3000 m
D

Compute RMS and average velocities at reflector B,C and D!

 Solution-1
Velocity [m/s]

Depth Vint DTi V_ave V_rms

1000 2000 0.5 2000.0 2000.0 V_int

2000 4000 0.25 2666.7 2828.4

3000 6000 0.167 3272.7 3618.1

TWT [s]

V_ave
V_rms
Exercise-2
Semicircle superposition
Impulse response migration
Diffraction summation
Kirchhoff Migration
Huygens’s secondary source
Huygens traveltime curve
 Kirchhoff Summation
x  cos   • Obliquity
Pout   
2 x  VRMS r
 (t ) * Pin  • Spherical spreading
 • Wavelet shaping factor

r  x  x0  2
z 2

P in ( x, z  0, t  r / v)

Pout ( x0 , z  v / 2, t  0)
Kirchhoff time and depth
 Kirchhoff migration parameters
• Velocity
• Aperture
• Maximum dip
 Migration velocities
Overmigrated Undermigrated

ZO

Desired migration

2500 m/s
5%

10 %

20 %
Test for velocity
Test for velocity
Migration velocities
 Tests for maximum dip to migrate

d
a. ZO section
b. Desired migration
c. 4 ms/trace
d. 24 ms/trace
Tests for maximum dip
Undermigration
 Migration strategy (Yilmaz)
2D versus 3D migration
Post- versus post- migration
Time versus depth migration
Case Migration Case Migration
dipping event time migration strong lateral
conflicting dips velocity variations
with different prestack associated with depth migration
stacking migration complex overburden
velocities structure
complex
3D behavior of 3D migration nonhyperbolic prestack
fault planes and moveout migration
salt flanks 3D structure 3D migration
ZO versus stack /CMP stack section

1. Complex structure
 nonhyperbolic
moveout
2. Conflicting dips

Pre-stack migration
 Migration algorithm
• Integral solution to the scalar wave equation
• Finite-difference solution
• Frequency-wavenumber implementation: Stolt,
phase-shift/Gazdag
1. Handle steep dips with sufficient accuracy
2. Handle lateral and vertical velocity variations
3. Be implemented, efficiently
Kirchhoff depth migration