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WiMAX
Prepared by,
•Deval Naik
•Rohit Kulkarni
•Ashley T
•Tushar Sharma
•Siddharth Sinha
•Sanket Kulkarni
1
3G Evolution (source: Nokia)
2
IEEE 802.16x Genealogy
• Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 – 66 GHz, Line-of-sight only, Point-to-Point
applications
802.16
(Dec 2001)
• Extension for 2-11 GHz
• Non-LOS, Point-to-Multi-
802.16c Point applications such as
802.16a “last mile” access & B/H
(2002)
(Jan 2003)
802.16 amendment • Published as 802.16 –
for Line of Sight, 2004, replacing earlier
Point to Point backhaul revisions
using spectrum 802.16d • Fixed & Portable
applications 2 – 6 GHz
between 10 - 66 GHz (Q3 2004) • HIPERMAN compatibility
• Mobility to highway
speeds in licensed bands
from 2-6 GHz
802.16e • Roaming within &
(Q4 2005) between service areas
• WiBRO Compatibility
3
Advantages Over Wifi
Improved Performance
Much Greater Distances
Much Better MAC
NLOS Ability (Non line of sight)
4
Usage Areas
Cellular Phones
5
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16 (2001)
Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System MAC and PHY Specifications for
10 – 66 GHZ (LoS)
One PHY: Single Carrier
Connection-oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QoS, Privacy
7
Adaptive PHY
Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.
8
High Data
Rate
All IP –
Based
Mobility Network
WiMax Architecture
Feature
QoS
s OFDM
based air
interface
Deployment
flexibility
(System
Profiles)
9
Duplex Scheme Support
The duplex scheme is Usually specified by regulatory
bodies, e.g., FCC
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
Downlink & Uplink time share the same RF channel
Dynamic asymmetry
does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)
Downlink & Uplink on separate RF channels
Full Duplexing (FDX): can Tx and Rx simultaneously;
Half-duplexing (HDX) SSs supported (low cost)
10
FDD MAPs Time Relevance
DL UL
DL UL MAP MAP
MAP MAP
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
frame
ASN
BS ROUTER ROUTER
-GW
IMS or IMS or
BS similar
DHCP similar DHCP
PST N
Internet
13
Access Service Network
Base Station (BS)
Place from where signals
are broadcasted
It cover up to 10 Km, it can
reach up to 50 Km if
geographical area supports
14
Access Service Network (Contd.)
15
ASN Profiles
ASN Profiles
Profile B Profile C
Profile A Intra-ASN interfaces are not BS is Master Element and
BS is slave of the ASN-GW exposed fully in charge for RRC and
ASN-GW incorporates Any ASN-internal configuration
and communication is fine
handover control server
RRC and Handover control
BS and ASN-GW may be and traffic
Similar to legacy
integrated in a single network concentrator/relay
BSC/RNC element(IBS) function
16
Connectivity Service Network
AAA
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
Home Network Service Provider (H-NSP)
▪ Provides backbone for ISP, most web users uses to
access internet and ISP connects to Internet Exchange
Session accounting for subscriber sessions
17
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
Home Agent
Provides efficient and scalable mechanism for
mobility within the network
Provides temporary IP address to visiting client
18
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
19
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
20
Concept of OFDM
21
OFDM(contd.)
22
Scaling of WiMAX OFDMA
Available Bandwidth No . Of Subcarriers ∆f T(b)
1.25 MHz 128 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
3.50 MHz 512 7.81 KHz 128 µs
5.00 MHz 512 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
7.00 MHz 1024 7.81 KHz 128 µs
8.75 MHz 1024 9.77 KHz 102.4 µs
10.00 MHz 1024 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
20.00 MHz 2048 10.94 KHZ 91.4 µs
23
Benefits of OFDM
24
OFDM Vs OFDMA
Time Time
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
Subcarrier Subcarrier
25
WiMAX Protocol Stack
EAP Msgs
BS EAP-
MAC-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl XYZ
MAC- Msgs MAC- ASN-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl DlA/Radius DlA/Radius
Msgs
CPS Basic CPS
ClD UDP UDP UDP UDP
Prim Mgmt
IP IP IP IP
ClD
MAC- MAC- Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2
SS SS
802.16 802.16 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1
ASN-
R1 R6 GW R3
AAA
MS BS
26
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e
Convergence Sublayer
27
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)
28
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)
Security Sublayer
Protection from Theft of service
Data Encryption over the air
PKMV2 support(EAP tunneling)
29
IP address Assignment
IP Address
Assignment
Simple IP Mobile IP
Proxy MIP
Client MIP
30
Simple IP Address Assignment
DHCP Offer
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP Request
DHCP ACK
DHCP ACK
31
Operating Modes
Normal mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
32
Operating Modes (Contd.)
Sleep Mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
33
Operating Modes (Contd.)
Idle Mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
34
WiMAX Traffic Classes
WiMax
Traffic
classes
35
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
UGS
Unsolicitated Grant Service
Fixed rate traffic
You can’t request new more bandwidth once the
connection is setup
36
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
RT-VR
Real time variable rate service
Variable rate of traffic allows to change the
allocated burst sizes
Rescheduling of bandwidth in any frame is
possible
37
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
NRT-VR
Non real time variable rate service
Reservation of some guaranteed rate is
mandatory
Delay in sensitive
38
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
BE
Best effort service
Only the maximum data rate is defined
Bandwidth depends on the resources in the cell at
a given time
39
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
ERT-VR
Extended real time variable rate service
According to data rate, rescheduling of the
bandwidth is possible
40
QoS parameters
Unsolicited
Grant
Interval
Maximum
Minimum
Traffic
reserved
sustain
traffic rate
traffic rate
Unsolicited
Traffic
polling
priority
interval
Maximum
traffic
burst
41
Handover Types
Handover
Types
Hard Soft
Handover Handover
FBSS (Fast
Break Before Make Before
Regular BS
Make Break
Switching)
42
Security
Authentication
For authentication X.509 certificate at the
subscriber station
Privacy and Key Management (PKM) provides
service provider authentication
IEEE 802.16e supports the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (Optional for service
providers)
43
Security(Contd.)
Encryption
The AES cipher is available, provides strong
support to confidentiality of data traffic
Management frames are not encrypted
44
WiMAX Threats
45
WiMAX vs Wi-Fi
46
The Opportunity in India
Population: 1.15 Billion people
India’s Tele-density
- Overall: 31%
Rural: 8.8%
Urban: 65%
Broadband: 0.4%
Internet: 4%
500 Million phone connections by
year 2010
High GDP Growth-8%
Increased Income of middle class
(300M)
PC Penetration: 2%
47
The Opportunity in India-Growth Pattern
No. of Connections (in Millions)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08
0.2 0.19
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.1 0.09
USD
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.04
0.03
0.02
Hong Kong
Philippines
Argentina
Malayasia
Thailand
Pakistan
B elgium
France
C hina
Brazil
Taiwan
India
Italy
UK
49
India WiMAX Environment
50
Challenges
51
“Future of eMobility”
Thank You
52