1optical Taxonomy

The Optical Networking Taxonomy
Telcordia Contact:
Haim Kobrinski
(732) 758-5388
hkob@research.telcordia.com
Robert J. Runser
(301) 688-1410
Release 5/17/02 rrunser@research.telcordia.com
An SAIC Company Telcordia Technologies Proprietary – Internal Use Only

This document contains proprietary information that shall be distributed, routed or made available only
Copyright Telcordia Technologies, 2002 within Telcordia Technologies, except with written permission of Telcordia Technologies.
Outline
 Introduction - Purpose, Scope
 Part I: Optical Networking Taxonomy
– Network Topologies - Backbone, Metro, Access
– Matching solutions to network segments
– System characteristics and functionality
 Part II: Solution Details and Relevant Players
– Pure solutions
– Emerging hybrid solutions
– NC&M/signaling
– Carrier Implementations: Backbone, Metro, Access
 Part III: Network Control and Management aspects
– EMS/NMS Functions, Products, and Vendors
– Control Plane
 Glossary
See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 2

Purpose and Scope of Document
 Purpose
– explain the different optical networking solutions (‘trees’) and how they
fit together (‘forest’)
– map solutions to players – dominant system suppliers and typical users
(carriers)
 Scope
– starting at systems level (i.e., does not include components,
subsystems, or device technologies)
– focus on optical layer with Layer 2/3 aspects where relevant
– does not cover: non-optical local networks, non-optical residential
access, RF wireless systems
– focus on the technology not the financials of the market
– does not provide comprehensive coverage of all start-up vendors but
points out relevant examples where applicable
 Please consult the slide notes found on most viewgraphs for
additional explanation and details

Part I:
Optical Networking Taxonomy

Overall Network Topology
Core IXC Network
HUB VIP
CO
VIP HUB HUB
CO Metro Network CO
ISP
HUB
ISP VIP = Video Information Provider
CO
ISP = Internet Service Provider
Collector ONU = Optical Network Unit
CO CO
Inter-Office Facilities Ring ONT = Optical Network Termination
POS = Passive Optical Splitter
PON = Passive Optical Network
CO
O
Business
Access Access DLC N xDSL
DLC U
Ring
ADM
DSLAM
POS
xDSL
IP, GbE
PON
ONT ••• ONT
LAN

Core Network Characteristics
 Carriers: IXCs, National ISPs, National PTTs
 Services: Interconnect ISPs/ILECs/CLECs/corporations, wide area VPNs
 Geographic Span: Over 500 km
 Economic Sensitivities: cost of regeneration/amplification, fiber/cable
build out, long haul physical impairments
– Less sensitive to cost of terminal equipment, network operations
 Traffic Characteristics: highly aggregated circuit traffic (IXCs) and
packet/cell traffic (ISPs)
 Signal Rates/Formats: few including 2.5G, 10G, 40G and carried in
SONET/SDH, PDH
– Emerging formats: Digital Wrapper, Ethernet formats
 QoS: highest performance levels - BER, packet loss, delay,
protection/restoration
 Critical choices: minimize cost per bit - ULH vs LH, transparency vs
opaque, core switching vs core hybrid routing/switching
 Emerging Technologies: ULH, Ultra Dense WDM, L and S-band
transport, intelligent OXCs, transparent photonic cross connects

Metro Network Characteristics
 Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, and MAN SPs
 Services: ILEC’s voice and private lines, link backbone ISPs with access
clients packet/cell traffic, enterprise services such as SANs, VPNs, VoIP,
and several Ethernet -based services
 Geographic Span: < 250 km
 Economic Sensitivities: terminal equipment costs including routers,
switches, and aggregation devices
– cost associated with distance and physical impairments less significant
 Traffic Characteristics: aggregated traffic from access networks and
large customers (enterprises)
 Signal Rates/Formats: numerous rates from 0.1 to 10 Gb/s carried in
SONET/SDH, GbE, RPR, ATM, and proprietary formats
 QoS: varies widely from highly reliable to best effort
 Critical Choices: challenged to build a scalable, convergent network
infrastructure to satisfy the needs of disparate services and choosing
among multiple architectures and products
– Currently dominated by SONET ring technologies optimized for TDM services
(voice, private lines)

Access Network Characteristics
 Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, IXCs/local and CATV
 Services: legacy local exchange voice, data (web hosting, Internet access,
file transfer, email, SAN), and video (broadcast, PPV)
 Geographic Span: < 20 km to POP or CO
 Traffic Characteristics: huge number of sources/destinations with low
capacities per channel (DS0 to GbE)
 Economic Sensitivities: fiber/cable build out (“last mile”) and the cost of
high port density terminal equipment
 Critical Choices: Enterprise Access:
– communications has become ‘mission critical’ for enterprises
– substantial shift to IP services (VPN, MPLS)
– telecom and computing equipment is churned and upgraded frequently
– bandwidth management, security are important functions
 Critical Choices: Residential Access
– highly sensitive to deployment costs
– dominated by voice traffic but with growing Internet access demand
– ‘killer’ residential applications (e.g., Internet VOD) will most significantly impact all
the network segments

Today’s Network Equipment Landscape
Access Metro Core
Edge/Aggregation Core Routers

Layer 3 Routers
MPLS/ATM/FR
GbE/ATM/MPLS
Core Switches
Layer 2 Access Switches
MSPP/
RPR
Grooming Core
OXC OXC
Metro/Regional Core OADM
OADM
Physical
Residential Enterprise Metro WDM Long Haul ULH
Access Access DWDM DWDM
Aggregation/Distribution Regional
Networks Networks
Graphical Framework also used by:
Light Reading and Tenor Networks
New Trends in Network System Integration
 New systems integrate the functions of multiple network elements
– Reduces system cost: capex, power, and space requirements
– Improves data networking efficiency
Access Metro Core
Layer 3
Integrated
Router/OXC
Layer 2
OXC + DWDM
Residential MSPP with
Optical Integrated
Access WDM Hybrid OXC
(Grooming &
Wavelength)
Physical
Most products in these areas Metro & Core

are still in development and Optical Packet
have not been deployed Nodes

Taxonomy Guide Used Throughout Document
Access Metro Core
A M C
L3
L2
L1
Shaded area indicates coverage

area for a particular slide

LH and ULH DWDM Characteristics
 Traditional LH DWDM systems are based on point-to-point DWDM terminals
supporting up to around 200 λ s, up to 10 Gb/s per λ , regeneration spacing of
around 600 km, amplifier spacing of 80 -120 km
 Deployment of LH DWDM systems has been highly economically compelling
for LH carriers compared with legacy LH SONET over fiber solutions
– up to 90% savings in capital expenditures associated with fiber cables and amplifiers
in IXC and other LH carrier networks
 Current financial climate has slowed deployment of LH DWDM systems and
has resulted in a temporary fiber glut
 Regenerators dominate the cost of LH DWDM systems (see figure)
 ULH systems allow increased regeneration spacing to 1000-4000 km with a
significant reduction in regeneration cost
 ULH systems can also be used to support all-optical transparency in backbone
and metro networks
– lower cost OADMs and OXCs by reducing or
eliminating OEO conversions A M C
L3
L2
L1

LH and ULH DWDM System Characteristics
 ULH systems increase regenerator spacing through several approaches:
– Forward Error Correction (FEC): reduces required receiver OSNR to compensate for a
longer amplified span or to compensate for variety of fiber impairments
– Dispersion management to reduce impact of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities
(FWM/XPM)
– Raman amplification to improve NF and reduce EDFA output power
– New fiber design and concatenation to reduce impairments including dispersion and
non-linear effects
– Reduce EDFA spacing to reduce accumulated ASE
– Polarization mode dispersion compensation for 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s
– Soliton and other modulation formats to extend reach
 Additional costs associated with building ULH systems:
– per wavelength: FEC, PMD compensation, modulation format (RZ)
– per system: Raman amplification, dispersion compensation, new fibers
 Future development trends:
– increase spectral efficiency: reduce wavelength spacing,
new data format A M C
– increase channel bit rate: >40 Gb/s, OTDM techniques L3
– optimal choice of signal rate and number of λ s for span L2
L1

LH System Cost for Different Regen. Spans
A 48 channel WDM point-to-point system cost vs.
$70,000,000
distance for different regenerator spacing
$60,000,000
400 miles Solid line - total cost
2000 miles Dashed line - regen only
$50,000,000
Series1
Series6
system cost
$40,000,000
$30,000,000
$20,000,000
$10,000,000
$0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
40
60
80
10
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
34
36
38
40
12
14
30
32
system length (miles)

OTN
 New transport networking layer being standardised in ITU (G.709)
and driven by the need to manage DWDM transport and map Gb/s
non-SONET tributaries
– accommodates 2.5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s signals
– Service transparency for SDH/SONET, ETHERNET, ATM, IP, MPLS
– Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services
 Management enabler of WDM network by means of addition of:
– Overhead to "λ " and "multi-λ " signals via an Optical Supervisor Channel
 "non-associated" or "out-of-channel" overhead; e.g. preventing alarm storms
– Optical Channel (OCh) layer
 STM-N, IP, ATM and Ethernet signals mapped ("wrapped") into OCh frame (OCh Data
Unit (ODUk))
 Requires digital processing for OCh and OSC, but only at locations
where O/E/O is already performed
– Fault and degradation detection
– Service Level Agreement (SLA) verification A M C
– Signal Fail & Signal Degrade condition determination

L3
for protection and restoration (e.g. if high accuracy L2
is required)
L1

Digital Wrapper Format
4080
3824
3825
14
15
16
17
1
7
8
OTUk
1 Alignm
OH
OPUk OH
2 Client Signal
OTUk
mapped
OPU in
k Payload
3 ODUk FEC
OPUk Payload
4
Client Signal
OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit k indicates the order:
1 2.5G
ODUk - Optical Channel Data Unit
2 10G
OTUk - Optical Channel Transport Unit 3 40G
Alignment

Metro DWDM Characteristics
 Metro DWDM products include:
– point-to-point systems
– Fixed OADMs
– Reconfigurable OADMs
 Point-to-point metro DWDM systems:
– Initial product offerings based upon minimum configurations for LH
DWDM system were too expensive
– Second generation metro DWDM products reduce system costs by
eliminating amplifiers, using shorter reach transponders (e.g., direct
modulation), and limiting channel count to around 50
 These products are currently used for three application areas:
– to transport SONET systems while providing selective fiber relief - ILECs
– to eliminate SONET multiplexing for interconnecting pairs of IP
routers/ATM switches with OC48/192 interfaces - POP interconnection by
IXCs and ISPs
A M C
– to eliminate SONET altogether using GbE over L3
DWDM or glass - new CLECs

L2
L1

Metro DWDM Characteristics
 Fixed OADMs:
– Primarily implemented via Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filters with
circulators
– Typically combined with an EDFA
– Allow optical bypass and thus reduced costs by eliminating OEO
conversions
– Limited use if transport traffic patterns change frequently
 Reconfigurable OADMs:
– An optical analog of the SONET ADM
– Currently used to provide a simple mapping of tributary interfaces with
different types, formats, and rates to a common WDM transport (see
figure)
– OADMs with remote reconfigurability initially supported via electronic
switch fabric; may continue due to ever improving electronic integration
– Current efforts on OADM products with optical fabric (e.g., MEMS, liquid
crystal) and optical protection architectures
(e.g., UPSR-like, BLSR-like) L3
A M C
L2
L1

DWDM in Metro Networks
SONET
Gigabit
Ethernet
Fiber Channel OADM
C.O. Fiber Channel
OADM C.O. C.O. OADM
C.O.
ESCON
OADM
Gigabit
Ethernet
SONET
ESCON
 Goal is to have a single unified transport infrastructure

 Tributary interfaces are mapped to wavelengths
 Some NEs use an integrated aggregation method to combine
traffic onto individual wavelengths - GbE, RPR, POS, etc.

Access DWDM and CWDM
 Short distances, typically <20 km
 Point-to-point systems only
 No optical protection, no optical amplification
 Mostly used with non-SONET signals, e.g., Ethernet, ESCON,
Fiber Channel
 For such signals WDM is practically the only multiplexing
alternative
 Customers would need to lease multiple dark fibers if no
multiplexing is supported
 CWDM systems use 2-8 channels with channel spacing > 20
nm
 Cost reduction via simple and tolerant WDM filters, uncooled
lasers, low bit rate transponders, and passive optics
A M C
L3
L2
L1

OXC Characteristics
 Cornerstone of optical networking
 Core and Grooming OXCs
 Core OXCs (electronic or optical switch fabrics) :
– OEO: STS-48 switch fabric and granularity; may provide ‘core grooming’ of OC-
48 into OC-192; leverages OEO for wavelength interchange, regeneration, and
performance monitoring; scalable to 1000’s ports; currently optimized for
managing traffic among IP routers with OC-48 interfaces
– All-Optical: λ -level granularity; (potentially) lower cost optical switch fabric (e.g.,
MEMS, PLC); engineering and provisioning limitation due to lack of wavelength
interchange and regeneration
– All-Optical: fiber/waveband granularity; these switches allow entire fibers or
bands of wavelengths to be cross-connected together
 Grooming OXCs:
– Only OEO; STS-1 switch fabric; 150Mb/s-10Gb/s interfaces; leverages OEO for
wavelength interchange, regeneration, and performance monitoring; scalable to
1000’s ports; currently addresses traffic composition of legacy carriers
A M C
 Metro OXCs: L3
– small to medium sized switch fabric which may include

L2
integrated WDM transport capability
L1

OXCs
O/E/O O/E
Electronic
E/O O/E/O OEO OXC - Core
O/E/O O/E
Switch
E/O O/E/O (STS-48 fabric)
O/E/O O/E
Fabric E/O O/E/O and Grooming
O/E/O O/E E/O O/E/O (STS-1 fabric)
Optical
All Optical
Switch
OXC - Core
Fabric
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Next Generation SONET/MSPP Characteristics
 Introduced to augment SONET ADMs, the dominant NE in metro
networks, with data-aware functions
 MSPPs emphasize aggregation into λ s, maintain SONET framing,
protection, and selected other aspects, but with the following
enhancements:
– reduced space and power requirements, and consequently cost, reflecting
improved electronics technologies and less ‘gold plating’
– mini-DCS capabilities - terminating and interconnecting several SONET rings,
hairpin cross-connection
– support of native data interfaces, e.g., Ethernet (10/100/1000), without stranding
significant bandwidth (one of the main deficiencies of traditional SONET)
 SONET virtual concatenation is emerging as a way to support native data.
– E.g.:10 Mb/s Ethernet maps to VT1.5-7v; GbE maps to STS1-21v or STM1-7v
(European)
 Some MSPPs support also L2 processing, e.g., rate limiting and flow
control - ATM, Ethernet
 Statistical multiplexing (a deficiency of legacy SONET) may be supported
by MSPPs, but only over link bandwidth (e.g. virtual A M C
concatenated channel), not over entire ring bandwidth) L3
 Most MSPPs, as well as other emerging metro NEs, L2
provide distributed control plane capabilities to L1
streamline operations
Example of SONET Data Unfriendliness
20 DS3
Core 12 DS1
Sw 4 OC-3c
2 DS3 20 Mb/s
26 DS 1 FR HUB
64 DS0 12 equipped OC-3s
5 DS 3
25 Mb/s ADM OC-48 ADM (100 spare DS1 slots)
3 DS1
500 DSLAM 4 Spare OC-3s
1 OC-3c SONET
UPSR
ATM 3 DS1
ADM ADM
UNI 3 DS3 60 Mb/s
1 OC-3c
Core
Sw OC-12c
2 DS3 20 Mb/s
26 DS 1 FR HUB
64 DS0 105 Mb/s NG NG
25 Mb/s ADM ADM Payload Capacity = 420 Mb/s
Aggregate ADM
500 DSLAM OC-12c ADM
Load
NG SONET Ring
ATM 3 DS1 NG NG
3 DS3 60 Mb/s ADM
UNI ADM ADM
1 OC-3c

GbE (and other L2) Switch Characteristics
 Big cost advantage over SONET and ATM (8:1 in port costs)
– leverages prominence of Ethernet as the LAN technology of choice
 Uses standard Ethernet frame format end-to-end (no protocol conversion)
– simplifies operations and eases customer control
– other L2 approaches require several conversion increasing capital and operations costs
 Rapid provisioning of capacity in small increments (e.g., 1 Mbps)
 Traffic policing, shaping and monitoring at edge
 Protection/restoration times are on the order of 1 second compared to SONET 50
ms capability
 QoS is in the same state as IP QoS
 Performance monitoring and fault management are not as good as SONET and
ATM
 Accommodation of legacy TDM services remains to be solved
 Addressing Ethernet challenges may compromise its advantages
 GbE is not necessarily replacing SONET as L1
transport; they could be combined - see SONET
Virtual Concatenation and GFP A M C
L3
L2
L1

GbE Network Architecture
GbE Architecture
Multi-Tenant Unit ISPs IP Backbone

Building (MTU) Providers
LAN 1 Access GbE Multi-tenant

Access GbE Switch Building
LAN 2 Core GbE
Switch
Switched
•••
Network Multi-tenant
GbE
GbE GbE Building
LAN n
GbE
ASPs Multi-tenant
Building
GbE L2 GbE L2/3
Switch Switch Server
Farm

Other Emerging Metro Approaches - GFP
 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) Ethernet IP/PPP O ther C lient Signals
– GFP provides a generic G FP – C lien t Sp ecific Aspects
mechanism to adapt traffic from (Payload Dependent)
higher-layer client signals over an G FP – Com m on Aspects
octet synchronous transport (Payload Independent)
network (e.g., SONET, OTN) O th er octet
-
SO N ET/S DH O T N O DU k P ath
– Client signals may be PDU-oriented V C-n P ath
synchronous
paths
(such as IP/PPP or Ethernet MAC),
block-code oriented (such as Fibre Channel or ESCON), or a constant
bit rate stream
– Gaining momentum and being standardized in T1X1, ITU
– Variable-length payload - different from ATM
– Maintain layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet) header information - different from
Packet over SONET (POS) - and allows transparent mapping of line
codes (e.g., 8B/10B GbE, FC)
 May be combined with SONET virtual concatenation to remove
SONET data deficiencies - granularity and burstiness
A M C
 Enables support of GbE networking over SONET L3
transport, an appealing proposition for ILECs L2
L1

Other Emerging Metro Approaches - RPR
 Driven at combination of SONET advantages (ring protection), GbE advantages (data-
friendly, cost), and MPLS-like advantages (QoS); IEEE 802.17 standard
 Goal is to optimize packet services over the transport network by providing greater
bandwidth granularity at the edge and incremental bandwidth provisioning
 Ring acts as a shared medium for data bandwidth
– Packet forwarding is simplified since the ring as a shared medium is topologically simple (do
not need to forward packets to multiple ports, i.e. mesh )
– Packet ADMs allow nodes to add/drop packets for that node while transit packet traffic passes
through and is not processed or queued
– Fairness algorithm is based on monitoring utilization at each node
– Reduces the number of ports wrt traditional SONET solutions
 RPR introduces a MAC protocol for bandwidth sharing and acts as a new Layer 2
protocol (can use SONET or Ethernet as Layer 1)
 Spatial Reuse (Similar to SONET BLSR)
 Focused on data traffic - TDM traffic later
 Ring interconnection?
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Proprietary Framing
Goal is to Maximize Data Packing into ls
 Native-mode, multi-protocol wavelengths
 Increases bandwidth efficiency over the alternative of GFP mapping onto
virtual SONET concatenated channels
 Maintains QoS guarantees for individual flows
 Main difficulty in accommodating TDM signals
 Example system vendor (start-up): Alidian
λ
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Differentiation Among Metro Aggregation
Legacy Emerging
VP
Multi- Service
Ring Proprietary
Capabilities
VC
MSPP
SONET
RPR
GFP
GbE
POS
Bandwidth
A
Efficiency
M C
Removing Stat. Mux. Stat. Mux. L3
stranded over indiv. for multi- L2
capacity channels end points L1

Core Router Characteristics
 Routers are the ‘bandwidth managers’ of IP applications - WWW,
e-mail, VoIP
 Core routers aggregate IP packets from edge routers onto high
speed (2.5G, 10G) core transmission systems, and provide
intermediate core grooming of packets from different core routers
 Emphasis on high throughput (currently in the range 100-400
Gb/s, scaling up to the Tb/s in next generation products); fast
packet forwarding (currently tops at around 30 Mp/s);a few types of
high speed WAN interfaces (OC-48, OC-192); ‘carrier-grade’
reliability
 Some core IP routers provide higher layer processing (filtering),
but typically such features are more prevalent in edge routers
 Network interfaces on routers are most expensive compared with
SONET ADMs or OXCs
 A major challenge for routers is the scalability A M C
L3
to Tb/s and beyond

L2
L1

Edge/Aggregation Router Characteristics
 Aggregate IP packets from multiple customer devices or networks

(LAN, DSLAM, access routers)
 Throughput in the 5-50 Gb/s range
 Numerous interfaces types - 10/100/1000 Mb/s Ethernet, low
speed SONET
 Support service-related functions and a wide variety of features -
classification, multiple-level queuing, shaping, policing, and packet
performance monitoring
 A ‘fluid’ category; different suppliers trying to differentiate their
products
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Core MPLS Switch Characteristics
 Replacing/augmenting ATM switches
– MPLS uses IP addressing and signaling protocols; separate ATM and
IP protocols are needed with ATM core switches
 Allow traffic engineering and support of differentiated QoS in the
core networks (similar to ATM); these features are essential for
service categories beyond ‘best-effort’
 MPLS is also envisioned for restoration purposes, either via back-
up LSPs or via fast re-route of LSPs
– target restoration times approaching order of 100 ms (similar to
SONET)
– restoration in the MPLS layer enables finer granularity of QoS
differentiation (than circuit-based protection/restoration)
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Typical Edge/Backbone Router Node
Optical
Transport
Core Router/
Edge MPLS Switches
Routers
Alternative Node Architectures
WDM WDM WDM WDM
DMUX MUX DMUX MUX
Fiber
•••
OXC
•••
•••
•••
Smart Optical Layer – Smaller Routers Big Fat Router – Dumb Optical Layer
 OXC with λ -connectivity,  No optical layer intelligence; connectivity
signaling and routing, topology and restoration done by IP layer
discovery, restoration  One control plane
 Several control plane options

Integrated and Hybrid Solutions
 Many products integrate features from several canonical solutions:
– Hybrid OXCs
– OXCs with integrated transport
– MSPP with DWDM
– Integrated Core Router/OXC
– Integrated OXC and Optical Packet Node
– Residential Optical Access: PONs, CWDM, HFC
Access Metro Core
Layer 3
Integrated
Router/OXC
Layer 2
OXC + DWDM
Residential MSPP with
Optical Integrated
Access WDM Hybrid OXC
(Grooming &
Wavelength)
Physical
Metro & Core

Optical Packet
Nodes

Hybrid OXCs
 Several types of hybrid OXC are being developed
 An OXC combining optical switch fabric (e.g., MEMS) with OEO
interfaces (transponders) to WDM transport
– minimizes (but does not eliminate) electronics
– electronics is leveraged for wavelength interchange, signal
regeneration and performance monitoring; however it does not
support sub-λ grooming
 An OXC combining both optical and electronic switch fabrics
with OEO interfaces between the two fabrics
– leverages electronics for sub-λ grooming, regeneration, and
wavelength interchange of a selected signal set; other signals are
cross-connected in the optical domain entirely through the OXC
node
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Hybrid OXC
O/E/O O/E/O λ interchange
Optical
O/E/O O/E/O and regeneration
O/E/O Switch O/E/O via oeo transponders,
O/E/O Fabric O/E/O optical fabric
Optical Selective λ interchange

Switch and regeneration
Fabric via tunable oeo
transponders,
O/E/O optical fabric
O/E/O
Optical
Switch Optical and electrical
switch fabrics, selective
Fabric
λ interchange, regeneration,
E/O
E/O
E/O
E/O
and grooming via

electronic fabric
Elec.
Switch
OXC with Integrated Transport
 Not widely available nor deployed yet
 Most WDM vendors favors open interfaces (as opposed to
integrated) to maximize revenues and to enhance failure isolation
and carrier’s desire to minimize dependence on single vendor
solutions
 OXCs integrating the WDM mux/dmux with the optical switch fabric
saves on intermediate interfaces; significant effect at higher rates
(e.g., 10 Gb/s)
 May be implemented with either all-optical or electronic switch
fabrics
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Integrated MSPP/OADM
 Integrates MSPP (or Next Generation SONET) functions of
circuit/packet signal management and aggregation into a
wavelength with OADM functions of wavelength management and
aggregating wavelengths into fibers
ADM Evolution
+
DWDM
Functionality
+ data integrated optical

aware transport, OADM
+ mini ATM, POS,
DCS Ethernet interfaces
SONET
ADM Reduced size and cost L3
A M C
L2
Time
L1

Integrated Core Routers/OXC
 Emerging solution based on the prominence of both routers (IP
‘bandwidth managers’) and OXCs (wavelength and sub-
wavelength bandwidth managers) in next generation IP/WDM
networks
 The interconnection between routers and OXCs is a main driver of
the OIF and GMPLS development efforts
 Main premise:
– saving of interfaces between stand-alone routers and OXCs
– operations and management savings via consolidation of management
platforms
 Not very established yet, primarily since established router (e.g.,
Cisco, Juniper) and OXC (e.g., Ciena) vendors focus on their own
space
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Optical Packet Nodes
 Provide a single system with full coverage from the Physical Layer
through Layer 3 packet switching and processing
– Integrate optical transport into a router so that IP packets are
statistically multiplexed across multiple wavelengths and fibers
– Sometimes referred to as optical packet switching, optical burst
switching, or optical flow networking
 Multiple switch fabrics
– Packet, circuit, and wavelength processing capabilities integrated into
multiple fabrics which may use optical and electronic technologies
– Size of system may vary depending on application (metro or core)
 Many technical hurdles to overcome
– Optical contention resolution and buffering, optical wavelength
conversion
– Optical header processing and/or fast signaling
– Optical memory/storage
– Fast, scalable optical switch fabrics
A M C
L3
– Dynamic optical impairment compensation

L2
L1

Trends in Network Technology Evolution
IXC IXC IXC IXC
POP Core POP POP Core POP
IXC IXC
POP HUB POP HUB
HUB HUB
CO Metro CO CO Metro CO
HUB HUB
Pre-2000 CO CO
'00-'03
CO Distribution CO CO Distribution CO
CO CO
DLC DLC
DLC DLC
ADM ADM
Access Access
IXC IXC DWDM Transport

POP Core POP
IXC Legacy SONET
POP HUB
HUB
CO Metro CO Next Gen. SONET
HUB
CO Gigabit Ethernet
'03-'07 CO Distribution CO Intelligent OXC/OADM
CO
New Optical Switching
DLC
DLC Technology
ADM
Access POP: point of presence CO: central office

Part II:
Relevant Players and Sampled Products
• This section presents information that has been obtained through
publicly available sources, vendor websites, and reports.
• Products from certain vendors in a particular system area are
highlighted for illustrative purposes. The selection of these products is
not meant to be an endorsement.
• The study is also not meant to be comprehensive for every vendor or
product offering in a particular area. Emphasis has been placed on
vendors with large market shares and those pushing new
technologies.

LH and ULH DWDM System Suppliers
 Market leaders offer systems capable of addressing both LH and ULH
– Ciena: MultiWave Sentry 1600, 4000 (LH); MultiWave CoreStream (ULH)
– Nortel: Optera LH 1600, 4000, 5000
– Lucent: WaveStar OLS 1.6T, LambdaXtreme
– Alcatel: 1640 Wavelength Multiplexer
 Incumbent suppliers with smaller market shares
– Fujitsu: Flashwave 7700 Hitachi: AMN 6100
– Marconi: SmartPhotoniX UPLx160 Optisphere (Siemens): MTS 2
– NEC: SpectralWave 40/80, 160 Cisco (Pirelli): ONS 15808
 Smaller and start-up companies in this space leveraging new technologies
– Sycamore: SN 10000
– Corvis: Corwave Optical Network Gateway (ONG)
– PhotonEx: PX-Ultra (40+ Gb/s per wavelength)
– Ceyba: C420 (adaptive dispersion compensation, tunable lasers)
– Xtera: Nu-Wave (all Raman amplified system)
– Celion: Unannounced products possibly in this space
M C
 Other start-ups with components and subsystems L3
A
for possible use in this space

– Essex, Hyperwave: Ultradense channel spacing L2
L1

LH/ULH Products: Ciena CoreStream
 Functionality
– High capacity optical transport through long haul (LH) and ultra-long
haul (ULH) terrestrial fibers
– Integrated multiplexing of lower rate channels up to 2.5G and 10G
 Capacity, Distance, Amplification
– 1.6 Tb/s aggregate capacity (160 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s); BER<10-15
– Distances over 3000km (30 spans with a 20-25 dB link budget)
– Utilizes inline EDFA and Raman pre-amplifiers
 Supported interfaces
– Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, -48, -192
– OC-48 interface supports short and intermediate reach
– OC-192 interface supports SR-2 for up to 2km
 Network Management
– EMS can be integrated into the Ciena LightWorks NMS for end-to-end
optical channel provisioning and connection management
– Integrated performance monitoring for troubleshooting
and SLA verification
 Network Architecture
– Two types of OADMs may be installed at any amplifier site: band add/drop and
single wavelength add/drop

ULH: Corvis CorWave ONG
 Functionality
– High capacity, high channel density
optical transport through long haul (LH)
and ultra-long (ULH) terrestrial fibers
 Capacity, Distance, Amplification
– 2.8 Tb/s aggregate capacity
(280 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s)
– Distances over 3200km
– Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-48, and OC-192
– Flexible configuration enables the unit to be configured as a point-to-point
DWDM terminal, part of an optical add/drop multiplexer, or as an optical switch

Other LH Products: “Long Span” Systems
 Long spans with large distances between terminals and amplifiers
– Applications where inline amplification is not possible or is not economical
 Applications include:
– Festoon submarine networks along coastal regions to avoid hostile terrain and
right-of-way issues on land
– Spur link or backhaul to remote locations
– Island hopping and interconnection
– Inaccessible terrestrial links: desert crossings
 Products in this area:
– Optisphere: Multi-wavelength long span system (WLS) up to 560km
– Corvis: CoreWave XL/XF up to 350km
– Nortel: Optera system modified to support spans up to 300km
– Alcatel: Unrepeatered Submarine Systems support 400km spans
– NEC: SLR320 Submarine repeaterless system up to 350km
Corvis XL/XF Optisphere WLS
Coastal
Festoon
Metro/Regional DWDM Suppliers
 Systems are designed primarily for transport using Sonet rings
– Metro and regional rings: collector, metro core, and multi-city networks
– LAN extension for medium and large size campuses; inter-city optical transport
 Client services include
– Multi-rate, multi-protocol client side transceivers (software provisionable)
– Client side multiplexing (two GbE into one OC-48), OADM
 Fixed optical add/drop capability
– Ciena: MultiWave Metro Nortel: Optera Metro 5200
– Cisco: ONS 15200 series Sycamore: SN8000
– Lucent: MetroEON Sorrento: GigaMux Metro DWDM
– Alcatel: 1686/1696 Metro Span NEC: Spectralwave 40/80
– Adva: FSP 3000 ONI: Online 7000, 9000, 11000
 Optical layer reconfigurability (new trend in OADM control and design)
– Marconi: PMA32 Ciena: new product likely for metro OADM
 Unique approaches A M C
– Kestrel Solutions: TalonMX, SCM-based transport L3
– Lumentis: Mentis 3000, “unamplified metro DWDM” L2
L1

Metro OADM: Marconi PMA32
 Functionality
– Provide WDM capacity over metropolitan and regional rings
– Provide dynamic optical layer reconfigurability and remote wavelength
services management to add/drop wavelengths at network nodes
 Capacity, Distance, Technology
– 320 Gb/s capacity using 32 wavelengths at 10 Gb/s in a protected 2-fiber
ring or up to 640 Gb/s, 2-fiber linear capacity using 64 wavelengths at
10 Gb/s (100 GHz wavelength plan).
– Utilizes liquid crystal switching to add/drop wavelengths transparently
– Digital wrapper provides optical layer performance monitoring and FEC
– Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192
– Multi-protocol, multi-bit rate interface supports any rate up to 2.5 Gb/s (i.e. GbE)
– Tunable laser interfaces are used to reduce sparing, increase flexibility
– Colored interface supports add/drop of any ITU grid DWDM wavelength at client
 Element Management
– Remote management capability for dynamic network reconfiguration
– Digital wrapper monitors optical layer performance
– Optical rings with 1+1 and OChSpring
– 2-fiber linear architecture for point-to-point
Optical Access Suppliers: CWDM, PON, etc.
 CWDM
– ONI: Online 2500
– LuxN: WideWav Transport System
– Riverstone: CWDM line cards
– Canoga Perkins: Wide WDM cards and standalone chassis
– Cisco: announced a CWDM GBIC for 7600 router and Catalyst series
– Adva: FSP-1
– White Rock: VLX1010
 ATM-based passive optical networks (APON)
– Alcatel Marconi
– NEC eLuminant Oki Network Technologies
– Paceon Quantum Bridge
– Terawave
 Ethernet-based PON (EPON)
– AllOptic OnePath Networks
– Salira Optical Network Systems Wave7 Optics
– Iamba World Wide Packet
 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Broadband for Cable Providers A M C
– Jedai Broadband L3
– Advent Networks L2
– Narad Networks
L1

CWDM Supplier: LuxN WideWav
 Functionality
– Provide low-cost optical capacity for metro network feeder, distribution, and
access rings as well as increased capacity for enterprise and campus networks
– Applications include SANs, fiber exhaust, DSLAM backhaul
– Uses uncooled lasers and components for low cost optical transmission
– Reduced tolerance on WDM mux/demux and filtering components
– Does not use optical amplifiers due to wide spectral allocation. Span distances
up to 70 km maximum are possible before electrical regeneration
– GbE, Fibre Channel, OC-3, OC-12 supported on a single wavelength (rates up to
1.25 Gb/s)
– CWDM channels are allocated in 20nm spacing from 1470 to 1610nm outside of
the C-band (1530-1560nm); an additional 1310nm wavelength is also available
– “Pay as you grow” approach enables 4 CWDM channels and 16 C-band ITU
channels to be simultaneously carried on the same infrastructure
– Supports point-to-point or logical star architecture

LuxN WideWav System Deployment
Network migration from 4 low cost CWDM channels…
…to CWDM + WDM as capacity

demand increases

PON Supplier: AllOptic’s GigaForce Family
 Functionality
– Supply low-cost, high bandwidth optical access lines between COs or cable
head-end with multiple businesses and residential sites
– Consolidate high bandwidth transport and access aggregation functions of
multiple data/voice services into a single unit.
– Ethernet PON or EPON can support voice, data, video, and IP services
– Uses synchronized time-slotted TDMA approach
– 1.25 Gb/s bandwidth over a passive optical network (PON)
 Products in the GigaForce PON family
– homeGEAR 1000 ONU: PON access unit for residential use. Supports high
speed data access in 64 kb/s increments up to 400 Mb/s or 1 Gb/s using DWDM
– curbGEAR: mounted within 750ft of subscribers to perform data switching,
routing, and service distribution. Ports include 20 10/100BaseT, 16 POTS, or 8
T1s. Additional CATV port supports 12 customers
– bizGEAR: ethernet switch for businesses, can support up to 2 GbE lines, 20
10/100BaseTs, 4 DS3s, 10 DS1s or 16 POTS lines
– edgeGEAR: 20 Gb/s Ethernet access router for CO hubs
with high speed WAN interface supports 16 EPONs
(1024 ONUs)
 Supports tree, ring, and bus access architectures

AllOptic EPON Deployment Scenario
Tree Topology Shown Business and Residential
Metro Core (Ring and Bus are also possible) Access Service
Passive
edgeGEAR curb/homeGEAR
Splitters
1510nm
Downstream
1310nm
Upstream
1550nm 15xx bizGEAR

CATV DWDM
WDM Overlay or CATV Distribution network can also be
multiplexed into the PON infrastructure

All-Optic EPON Concept
Downstream Traffic
Passive splitting for broadcasting
Ethernet packet selection at Receiver
Upstream Traffic
Synchronization protocol enables
passive time slot multiplexing

Free Space Optical Access
 Fast, unregulated access to near-net facilities
– Affordable “last mile” bandwidth to facilities near network POPs & COs
– Fiber back-up and disaster recovery
 Suppliers in this space
– AirFiber: 5800
– fSona Communications
– Aoptix
AirFiber’s Target Applications
– LightPointe
– Optical Access
– Terabeam

Free Space Optical Product: AirFiber 5800
 Functionality
– Provide low-cost bandwidth to last mile, support disaster recovery
and fiber back-up capabilities
– Transmission of SONET and Ethernet services up to 1.25 Gb/s
– Protocol independent transmitter, laser operates at 785 nm,
– Class 1 Laser safety regulations
– BER < 10-12 achieved through active beam tracking technology
– Not list in AirFiber’s specs, typical distances are 1-10 km based upon weather
conditions and deployment location
– OC-3, OC-12, GbE
– Redundant Link Controller (RLC) switches to available redundant link when
interference occurs on the primary link

OXC Types and Suppliers
 Core OXC: electronic switching of wavelengths up to OC-192 (no STS-1
grooming)
– Tellium: Aurora 128/512, also integrated with NEC Spectral Wave DWDM LH
– Teraburst: OMS Altamar: Titanium (integrated LH WDM)
 Core OXC: all-optical switching of wavelengths, wavebands, and fibers
– Corvis: CorWave OS Lucent: LambdaRouter
– Calient: DiamondWave Optisphere: MSI-160
– Alcatel: Cross Light Tellium: FullSpectrum
– Innovance: integrated WDM
 Grooming OXC: electronic switching, STS-1 granularity
– Ciena: CoreDirector Sycamore: SN16000
– Nortel: Connect HDX Lucent: LambdaUnite
– Alcatel: Lambda Gate Corvis: CorWave OCS
– Tellabs: 6500
 Emerging hybrid OXC: dual fabrics, optical A M C
and electronic L3
– Ciena: CoreDirector with a MEMS fabric L3
L3

Small Scale OXCs for Metro Networks
 Lower port count OXCs available for metro/regional networks
some include integrate DWDM transport capability
– Smaller scale OEO OXCs available from many incumbent suppliers:
 Ciena: CoreDirector CI Tellium: Aurora 32
 Sycamore: SN16000 SC
– All-optical OXC options in the metro
 Lumentis: Mentis 3000, MSPP with optional MEMS optical switch fabric
 Movaz: iWSS
– Hybrid OEO/OOO switches
 Movaz: RAYstar
– Other start-ups in this space:
 LuxN, edgeflow, Firstwave, Summit, Nayna, Photuris, Transparent Networks,
Opthos, Sorrento, Wavium, Yotta
A M C
L3
L3
L3

STS-1 Grooming OXC: CIENA CoreDirector
 Functionality
– Combines the functions of a digital cross-connect (DCS), optical
cross-connect (OXC) and SONET add/drop mux (ADM)
– NMS supports end-to-end provisioning and management Logical topology support in
optical layer (i.e. mesh over ring)
 Switching capacity and interface support (single bay)
– 640 Gb/s bi-directional electronic switching fabric
– Supports 256 OC-48 or 64 OC-192 interfaces (also OC-12 and OC-3 interfaces)
– Software configurable interfaces can be channelized (STS-1 granularity) or concatenated
to support wavelength granularity switching
 Signaling and dynamic management
– Proprietary Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol (OSRP) is a pre-standard version of
GMPLS
– Supports point-and-click provisioning, priority service classifications, and automated
resource discovery
 Protection
– software-defined Virtual Line-Switched Rings (VLSR), linear 1:N and 1:1 APS and
FastMesh connection-level protection schemes
– Auto-grooming optimizes network utilization with given protection constraints

Deployment of CoreDirector
National Network WDM Physical Topology
Software-defined logical topologies

support flexible bandwidth management and protection
schemes for a diversity of logical topologies

All-Optical Core OXC: Lucent LambdaRouter
 Functionality
– Transparent, protocol and bit rate independent
optical switching of wavelengths, wavebands,
and fibers
– Provides reconfigurable optical paths than can
provisioned dynamically and remotely
 Optical Interfaces
– OXI modules are fully transparent, passive
interfaces that enable redundant access to the switch fabric for
protection events and fail-overs. Each module contains a passive
splitter and a 1x2 output selector
– Simple monitoring functions including optical power
– Each OXI pack contains 4 bi-directional ports so that 28 OXI packs
populates a total capacity of 112x112
 Switching capacity
– 3-Bay base configuration includes a 128x128/256x256 3D MEMS
fabric scalable to 1024x1024 in 5 bays
– Up to 112 ports can be used per 128 port fabric

LambdaRouter Deployment Scenario
Dynamic provisioning of optical circuits between
metropolitan areas in mesh architectures

Next Generation SONET MSPP Suppliers
 Solutions map data services into Sonet allocated bandwidth
– Bandwidth provisioning is confined to Sonet time slots and framing
– Leverage Sonet protection/restoration mechanisms
– WDM capabilities can be integrated or added to system
– Provide STS-1/VT1.5 grooming switch capabilities
 Next generation MSPP solutions
– Cisco: ONS 15454 Ciena: MetroDirector K2
– Nortel: Optera Metro 3500 Tellabs (Ocular): 6400
– Lucent: Metropolis DMX Fujitsu: Flash 4500
– Sycamore: SN3000 ONI: OnWave Service Blades
– Alcatel: 1660 SM, Astral Point: ON 7 nt (acquired by Alcatel)
– Siemens: TransXpress Metro Turin Networks: Traverse
– Redback: SE 800 Lightscape: XDM Platform
– Metro-Optics:CityStream 5000 White Rock A M C
– Appian Parama L3
L2
L1

Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454
 Most widely deployed MSPP
– 30,000 systems deployed to over 600 customers
 Architectures supported:
– Point-to-Point, Linear Add/Drop, Ring, and Mesh
 Configuration: 17 slots per chassis
– 2 TCC: timing, communicaitons, and control
– 2 XC: cross-connect slots for switch fabric
– 1 AIC: alarm interface controller (optional)
– 4 high speed, multiservice interface slots (up to OC-192)
– 8 generic service slots (up to OC-48)
 Switch fabric capacity (2 switch fabric slots per chassis)
– XC provides STS1 level grooming up to OC-48
– XCVT provides STS1 and VT1.5 grooming up to OC-48
– XC10G switch card support up to 1152 STS-1s and 672 VT1.5 for OC-192
 Interfaces supported
– TDM interfaces: DS1, DS3, DS3 transmux, EC1/STS-1
– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s (supports 2.5 Gb/s of
maximum throughput per slot)
– SONET: OC-3/OC-3c, OC-12/OC-12c, OC-48/OC-48c,
OC-192c (ITU Compliant wavelengths available)

Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454
 Flexible data transport and provisioning
– selectable data bandwidths and bandwidth sharing on a single wavelength
– no limit oversubscritption in “concentrated mode”
– GbE provisioning granularity: STS-3 (STM-1), contiguous time slots
– Future support for dynamic load balancing of Ethernet over SONET and virtual
concatenation
 Protection/Restoration Support
– UPSR and BLSR (2 and 4 fiber); unidirectional and bidirectional linear APS
– path protected mesh networking (PPMN) and spanning tree
 Network management interfaces
– TL-1, CORBA, SNMP, TIRKs, NMA, and TEMS interfaces
– OSMINE compliant
 Performance Monitoring
– SONET errors: LOS, LOF, LOP, AIS-L, RDI-L
– count SONET section and line errors

MSPP over WDM Transport: Cisco ONS 15216
 Optical reach
– OC48ELR ITU cards support single channel unamplified applications with a
system gain of 25dB (~50 km) or amplified applications with a dispersion limit of
3500 ps/nm (~200 km)
 DWDM optical transport
– ONS 15216 is a passive DWDM mux/demux that allows up to 32 wavelengths on
a 100 GHz ITU grid to be transported over a single fiber pair
– Architecture uses 200/100 interleavers and 16 channel mux/demux

Deployment of an MSPP (from Cisco)
Multiple telecom/datacom
services from access network
MSPP Aggregation and
Transport in the metro network
High speed SONET and wavelength

interfaces to the core network

Proprietary Framing Techniques
 These products use Sonet, GbE/10GbE bit rates for optical trunks but use
proprietary framing techniques
– Proprietary service mapping systems enable flexible bit rates and protocols to be
natively multiplexed for transport over the same optical link
– Some systems provide Sonet-like protection mechanisms and dynamic statistical
multiplexing for bursty data services and oversubscription
 Products that provide proprietary framing for metro core DWDM rings
– Alidian: OSN 4400
– PacketLight
– Coriolis
 Products that focus on using proprietary multiplexing and optical transport
for distribution and metro-edge networks
– Native Networks: EMX3500 (proprietary APT-Asynchronous Packet Transport)
 Other framing techniques only used by a few vendors: Dynamic Transfer
Mode (DTM)
– Net Insight
– Dynarc A M C
L3
L2
L1

Proprietary Framing: Alidian OSN 4800
 Functionality
– Efficiently pack data bandwidth in native mode into a proprietary
framing structure within Sonet rate channels
– Allows multiple Layer 2 protocols to share the bandwidth resources
of a single wavelength
– Flexible Add/Drop capability not limited to Sonet time slots or to
entire wavelengths. Flexible drop of native mode data out of
wavelengths traveling on ring
 Capacity
– 40 Gb/s of total trunk capacity per shelf with up to 80 Gb/s capacity for two
shelves using 32 OC-48 wavelengths
– 80 Gb/s switch capacity per shelf
– ATM/POS: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12
– Ethernet:10/100/1000 Mb/s supported (rate provisionable)
– SAN: future interfaces will support FC and other SAN protocols
– TDM: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48 with optional Sonet ADM card and STS-1
grooming capability

Core Router Suppliers
 Gigabit routers: support capacities up to a few 100 Gb/s
– Cisco: GSR 12000 Series Juniper: M160
– Nortel: NEC
– Alcatel Charlotte’s Networks
– Avici: SSR
 Terabit Routers: scale “linearly” to provide > 1 Tb/s capacity
– Avici: TSR Juniper: T640 w/TX optical fabric
– Hyperchip Pluris
– Alcatel: 7770 RCP Cisco: 12816
 Routers with optical switch fabrics
– Chiaro Accelight: integrated OXC/Router (OBS)
 Emerging suppliers with new architectures
– Caspian: Apeiro Allegro
– Procket Xebeo
– Axiowave A M C
L3
L2
L1

Typical Core Router: Juniper M160
 Functionality
– Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks
among interconnected networks with potentially disparate Layer 2s
 Supported MPLS Features
– LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE extensions
– MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPF-TE
 Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities
– Aggregate packet look up: 160 Mpps, 205 Gb/s throughput
– Unique modular interface design allows up to 4 different hardware interfaces
(PICs) per slot
– Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c
– SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes)
– ATM: DS-3/E3, OC-3, OC-12
– Ethernet: 100/1000 Mb/s
– Dedicated Access: DS-3, E1, E3, T1
– Channelized: n x DS0, DS-3, E1, STM-1, OC-12
 Optical interface options include:
– Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans
– SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans

Terabit Router: Avici TSR
 Functionality
– Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks
with a capacity beyond 1 Tb/s without clustering usable ports
– Linearly scalable, distributed switch fabric supports 400 Gb/s per
bay and up to 5.6 Tb/s by interconnecting the passive backplanes
– Up to 40 module slots per bay
– SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes)
– Ethernet: 1000 Mb/s
– Composite links logically bundle up to 64 connections to form pipes with
capacities beyond OC-768
– Ethernet: SX, short reach
– SONET: MM, SR, and SMIR
– Supports traffic engineering extensions: IS-IS-TE,
OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, LDP
– MPLS Fast Reroute
– Traffic classification and load balancing
across composite links
Multi-Service Core Switch Suppliers
 Systems offer a unified control plane for ATM, FR, and MPLS
– translation of signaling information among protocols maintains QoS
– evolutionary migration from ATM/FR to MPLS
 Multi-service L2/L3 switches: support ATM, FR, TDM, IP/MPLS
– Lucent: TMX 880
– WaveSmith: DN 2100/4100
– Marconi: BXR 48000
 Emerging Vendors
– Maple Optical Systems
– Tenor Networks
– Vivace Networks
– Crescent Networks
– Equipe Communications
– Mahi Networks A M C
L3
L2
L1

Edge Router/GbE Switch Suppliers
 Edge routers and switches come in many flavors:
– Desktop, residential, small business, enterprise, and campus
 Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet is the dominant Layer 2 protocol used
 Many vendors compete in this space and offer products that cover
the entire edge/access market. A sampling of them include:
– 3Com Lucent
– Cabletron Alcatel
– Cisco Nortel
– Redback Extreme
– Force10 Networks Foundry
– World Wide Packet Riverstone
– Unisphere (Juniper) Allegro Networks
– Jedai Broadband Laurel Networks
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Edge Router: Riverstone RS38000
 Functionality
– Perform aggregation and routing of data services for uplink to core networks
– Extende metro VPN services over a national ATM or MPLS backbone
– 170 Gb/s switch fabric, 90 Mpps routing throughput
– Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c
– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s
– 4Gb/s CWDM interface
– Channelized T3/E3
– ATM: DS-3, E-3, OC-3c
– POS: OC-3c, OC-12c, OC-48c (under development)
– SONET: OC192c (under development)
– Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans
– SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans
– LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE
– MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPF
traffic engineering

Gigabit Ethernet/Optical Ethernet Vendors
 Optical interfaces on GbE switches are typically CWDM. Vendors
offering these options on their high capacity switches include:
– Extreme Networks Riverstone
 “Optical Ethernet:” Combining DWDM, OADMs and Ethernet
switching into a single platform for metro networks
– Atrica
– Xebeo
 Optical Ethernet for access networks
– Internet Photonics Metrobility
– LuxPath

Extreme Networks Black Diamond 6816
 Functionality
– Provide a combined L2/L3 switch to deliver rate provisionable
Ethernet bandwidth with high port density
– 256 Gb/s total switching capacity
– Packet processing: 192 Mpps
– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE all supported
– Up to 1,152 ports at 10/100 or 192 ports for GbE
– POS: OC-3 and OC-12
– ATM: OC-3
 Optical interface options include
– CWDM interfaces are available with wide channel spacing (20 nm)
– MPLS edge routing for POS interfaces and BGP4 processing

Optical Ethernet: Atrica
 Functionality
– Combine the features of a core GbE switch with the scalability of optical
bandwidth through WDM and metro OADMs
– Architecture is based upon MPLS
 Client Interfaces
– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE interfaces
– A unique 100 Gb/s parallel Ethernet module has also been developed
for high bandwidth trunks
 Optical Interfaces
– Supports 32 wavelengths DWDM each at 10 Gb/s for a total transport
capacity of 320 Gb/s
– OADM cards allow individual wavelengths to be dropped at each node

RPR/SRP Players
 IEEE 802.17 standard for transporting data services over a flexible
framing structure with SONET-like protection mechanisms
 RPR Alliance, an industry forum, includes incumbent and emerging
vendors
– Alcatel NEC
– Ciena Cisco
– Corrigent Dynarc
– Lantern Communications Nortel
– Riverstone
 Vendors developing dedicated systems for RPR include
– Force10 Luminous
 Larger vendors are focusing on making RPR an optional line card for
existing systems
– Cisco (“proprietary RPR” called DPT)
– Crescent A M C
– Redback L3
– Riverstone L2
L1

RPR Product: Lantern Metro Packet Switch
 Functionality
– Provide efficient data services directly over a resilient optical layer with
SONET-like guarantees
– Simplify bandwidth allocation for bursty data services by providing ATM-
like QoS commitments to Ethernet services:
 bandwidth guarantees: continuous, peak, burst usage
 incremental provisioning: 100kb/s to 10 Gb/s
 bounded delay and jitter
 Interfaces
– MPS-AX supports 8 access interfaces slots for 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet,
GbE, T1/E1 TDM and T3
– RPR ring is served by dual 10 Gb/s optical packet rings
 Switching capacity
– Systems uses an 80 Gb/s switch fabric
– 16 slot chassis (Ex: up to 120 GbE ports supported per chassis)
 Network Management
– Distributed network of RPR switches on the same
ring appear as a single logical switch

Core OXCs with Integrated Transport
 Large equipment vendors (Ciena, Lucent, Nortel) are examining
the cost benefit of eliminating a layer of transponders by combining
their OXC with DWDM transport.
 NEC/Tellium combined LH and Core OXC
– Integated system with NEC’s Spectral Wave and Tellium’s Aurora
Optical Switch
 Altamar is also offering product in this area:
– Titanium Integrated Transport System supports up to
160 OC-192 wavelengths on a single fiber
– Transport supports SR, IR, LH and ULH (without Raman
amplification)
– Wavelength OXC that can support 2232 OC-48
streams per bay (scalable to more than 8 million)
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Optical Packet Node Suppliers
 The majority of work at established equipment suppliers is still in
the research stages and has not yet been built into a product
platform. Established companies w/active research here include:
– Lucent Alcatel
– NTT
 Emerging vendors that offer a metro packet node solution. Some
have already shut-down
– Atoga: OAR 30 Village Networks (Closed)
– Tropic Networks: TRX24000 IP Optical (Closed)
 Emerging vendors that offered packet nodes for the core:
– Ilotron (closed) LuxCore (now a subsystem vendor)
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Metro Optical Packet Node: Atoga OAR30
 Functionality
– Single box replaces an IP router/switch, SONET ADM, and DWDM
transport device
– Provides interfaces for tunable lasers that enable flexible bandwidth
provisioning and reduces sparing costs
– Statistical multiplexing of packet services using an Ethernet over
SONET approach
 System Capacity
– 80 Gb/s integrated packet switching capacity
– 768x768 STS-1 cross-connect capability
– unspecified DWDM channel plan
 Interfaces
– DS3, OC-3, -12, -48
– 10/100/1000BaseT Ethernet
– Fibre Channel
– Tunable OADM

Integrated Core OXC/Router: Accelight
 Products that integrate the functions of core routers and OXCs are
still in the early stages. Features include:
– High bandwidth, multi-service core interfaces compatible
– Switch fabrics capable of handling IP packet and Sonet circuits
 Accelight claims to have combined the features of router and OXC
into a single platform using a novel “Optical Burst Switched” core
– OXC-style Interfaces include: Sonet and wavelegth based interfaces for
circuit switching
– Packet processing interfaces for POS and other IP based services
A M C
L3
L2
L1

Carrier Adoption of Optical Networking
 Depends on several factors - composition of traffic, service
offering, service grade, size of network, embedded network, legal
environment
 Service offerings: multi-service (TDM, PL, FR, ATM, IP), service
focus (IP only, LAN-extension only, storage only)
 Service grade: robust, menu of features vs low cost, best effort

Backbone IXC Carriers - Legacy and Emerging
 Legacy carriers with a substantial installed fiber deployed LH
DWDM systems with 16-160 wavelengths per system with OC-48
(initially) and increasingly OC-192 per wavelength
– ATT, Sprint, WorldCom
– Deploy (or plan to deploy) both core (DWDM, OXC) and edge/grooming
(OADM, OXC, MSPP) functions
 The fraction of lit wavelengths on installed DWDM systems
(average around 35% - RHK) and lit fibers on installed cables
represent conditions of ‘fiber glut’ that can slow down deployment
of new DWDM systems, and to a lesser extent, of new line cards
 Emerging IXCs are primarily focused on growing IP traffic with a
large fraction of λ -level granularity - ULH DWDM, Core (mainly)
and grooming OXCs, Core IP/MPLS routers
– Qwest, Level3, Broadwing, Williams, (Global Crossing), CW, Frontier
 Competition and price cuts negatively affected this whole segment

Example of Backbone IXC Carriers
 ATT:
– Legacy SONET - Lucent 2.5G
– DWDM - Extensive DWDM transport - NEC, Lucent, currently installing
160-channel systems, 2.5/10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s when available
– OXC - Ciena CD deployed in 40 NFL cities, planned for 100 cities,
STS-1 grooming is deemed essential, improved provisioning times over
current SONET ring network, differentiated restoration capabilities
– Metro - Cisco 15454 MSPP (~150 deployed so far), metro DWDM (32-
channel)
 Worldcom:
– Initial build out based on single channel OC-192, followed by DWDM,
both SONET and DWDM provided by Nortel
– Supporting UUNET IP/DWDM transport based on 10 Gb/s per
wavelength and 1+1 point-to-point APS
– First trial of 40 Gb/s, initially in a single channel and later with 32
DWDM channels based on Lucent equipment

ILECs
 Required to support broad service offering, mostly legacy TDM voice
trunks and private lines
 Dominated by legacy SONET ADM (Fujitsu, Nortel, Lucent) and WDCS
(Tellabs) equipment
 Interoperability with legacy OSSs (via Telcordia’s OSMINE) and
standard-based equipment are of utmost concern
 Metro DWDM deployment, point-to-point and fixed OADMs, primarily
for fiber relief, is growing nicely, but from a very small base; it is
substantially less than IXC DWDM deployment (<7% in 2000), several
are in the process of RFI/RFP
– BellSouth - Ciena 1600 for point-to-point
– Qwest - ONI
– SBC - Nortel OPTera 5200 metro DWDM
– Verizon - Lucent OLS40G for point-to-point and EON OADMs, Ciena
 Limited deployment of OXCs as of yet - Qwest with Tellium and Ciena,
BellSouth with Sycamore

ILECs
 ILECs are increasingly supporting new data services, including
Ethernet services, to remain competitive with new carriers
 Data traffic - legacy ATM/FR, DSLAMs to ISPs, Ethernet PL and
LAN extension - is mostly pre-provisioned via SONET; however, it
may also be overlay on different fibers or wavelengths
 Regulatory and union issues deploying hybrid data/transport NEs,
e.g. MSPPs and GbE
 ILECs are in the process of RFI/RFP and trial of several NG
SONET/MSPP, participate in RPR specification, and also starting
to plan for IP routers and GbE switches
– SBC: Nortel Optera 3500 MSPP
– Qwest: Cisco 15454 MSPP

CLECs
 Initially thought to be most promising for optical networking
deployment (greenfield)
 Quite shaky market currently
 Wide availability of dark fiber (e.g., MFN) limits DWDM deployment
in metro networks, especially in tier-1 cities
 Ethernet LECs - focus on GbE/fiber connectivity to business at
prices that are 30-50% less than TDM private lines
– Cogent: Mapping Ethernet to SONET using Cisco’s 454 MSPP over
leased fibers in the metro; Core IP routers (Cisco GSR) in POPs;
OC192/DWDM (Cisco 15800) in national backbone
– Telseon: focused on metro transport between carrier collocation
facilities (ISPs and ASPs are their target customers); 1 Mbps -1 Gbps
service; Equipment from 3Com, Cabletron, Extreme, and Foundry
– Yipes: Fiber-based, gigabit Ethernet service; direct enterprise focus;
high-speed LAN-to-LAN and LAN-to-Internet connectivity; 1 Mbps to 1
Gbps in 1 Mbps increments; Extreme GbE switches and Juniper routers

Part IV:
Summary of Network Management
and Control Plane Taxonomy and
Solutions

Management Paradigms
 Management Plane: enables operators to provide services in a
centralized fashion
– includes network and capacity planning, configure networks, device and
performance monitoring, root cause analysis, service definition, SLA
verification
– dominates legacy telecom carrier networks
 Control Plane: enables network devices and (possibly) end-users
to rapidly create/maintain/restore/delete connections
– based on distributed control
– dominates enterprises networks; prominent protocols include OIF UNI,
GMPLS, LMP
– GMPLS: an automated control plane for the physical layer which will
allow routers to initiate automated bandwidth requests from OXCs and
other optical transport equipment
 New developments combining these two planes and increasing
automation in both planes are expected to reduce carrier operation
expenditures, provide traffic engineering, and turn up service
quickly

Network Management Protocols
S
MS
HTTP
SOAP
CMIP
S
MN
IIOP
CORBA JAVA
SNMP
S
TL1
ME
t sy St ne me ga na M
HTTP
OIF UNI/NNI GMPLS

N
E
Telecom Datacom
Control Plane Technologies
(OIF UNI, GMPLS, LMP, …)
 Migrate some management functions to NE
 OIF
– Public UNI, Private UNI, Public NNI, Private NNI
 IETF - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
– Distributed method for creating paths in networks
– Initially in IP networks; In principle adaptable to any network (IP,
SONET, WDM, …)
– Routing: OSPF, IS-IS (topology discovery)
– Signaling: RSVP, CRLDP
 Pushed by WDM vendors
– Way to couple their equipment to internet
– Simplified network management
– Scalability
– Mesh restoration
– Product differentiation
 Regional carriers seem reluctant

Control Plane
3rd party
PUB-NNI
networks
ED
Carrier PUB-UNI ED
Optical network
DSI
PRI-UNI PRI-NNI PRI-UNI
Optical Optical CED
CED
Subnet Subnet
PRI-NNI
PRI-NNI Optical
GMPLS
Subnet
DSI PUB-UNI
ED PUB-UNI ED
PUB-UNI
PUB-NNI
ED :User Edge Device

CED :Carrier Edge Device
PUB-UNI/NNI :Public UNI/NNI
PRI-UNI/NNI :Private UNI/NNI
DSI :Data Service Interface (ATM, SONET, etc)

EMS/NMS/OSS
 EMS Vendors
– Typically manages a network of one type of network element from a
single vendor
– System vendors may modify a code base purchased from a third party
and brand it as their own EMS
 NMS Vendors
– Large system vendors often extend their EMS to include other network
elements from their product lines. In practice, these are not typically
used to manage other vendor equipment.
– Large vendor neutral platforms are offered by many companies
including Telcordia to provide NMS functions. Carriers may also use an
umbrella NMS as a manager of other EMS/NMS systems.
 OSS Systems
– Include operational management functions of network such as trouble
ticketing, billing, staffing, resource management, etc.
– OSS is a broad categorization which include NMS and other operational
aspects of a network

NC&M Standards Organizations
 TMF (TeleManagement Forum)
– MTNM, NGOSS
 IETF
– SNMP, RMON, Policy based management (COPS), GMPLS, GSMP
 DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force)
– WBEM, DEN, CIM (MOF, CIMOM)
 OIF
– UNI, NNI, LMP
 ITU
– Seven layers, TMN, CMISE, …

Hybrid Management and Control Planes for
Dynamic Optical Networking
 State aggregation and interoperability across multi-
vendor domain (fault management, service assurance,
inventory management)
NMS/Network
Management
Subnet Management
and GMPLS
Control Plane
dynamic optical network
vendor B
vendor A
vendor C

EMS/NMS Suppliers
 Element Management System (EMS) development
– Vendor-based EMS supplied by equipment vendors tend to be based upon
a code kit available from a third party software vendor
– System vendors can modify the code to meet their system requirements and
re-brand it as their own
– Other system vendors develop the EMS in-house
 Suppliers of products for a general EMS code base include
– Lumos
– Vertel
– AdventNet
 NMS systems are typically a component of larger OSS systems that
are available from a variety of suppliers
– Vendor neutral NMS platforms are typically used for managing systems with
multiple vendors and technologies. This is the way the majority of networks
are managed.
– NMS from system vendors can also be used to manage multiple networks
and elements from that vendor in a large network

NMS/OSS Supplier: Telcordia Products
Many other companies compete with Telcordia in all of these areas
Corporate Data &
Common Functions TMN Layers
ServiceGateTM / Advanced
Customer Billing
SML
Order Manager Service Mgmt.
Manager System
Customer ExchangeLink System
Inter- Service
Connection Rep. Billing & Negotiation Suite
Customer Service Delivery & NMA® Trouble Integrated

Testing &
Work Item TIRKS® Surveillance Ticket Analysis
Number Manager Manager
NML
Manager Manager System

NML
Customer Access Network SOAC, NSDB, Network Network Service

& Location Configuration LFACS, SWITCH®, Performance Capacity Level
Manager Manager MARCH® Monitor Manager Manager
Service Provisioning & Activation Suite Proactive Service Assurance Suite
Network
Engineer Switch Transport Signaling HFC Cable Call Router Frame & DSL
EML
Element Element Network Telephony Agent

Inventory Activation Activation Activation Manager Mgmt ATM Mgmt
Manager Manager Manager EMS Mgmt
Manager
Network Design &
Inventory Suite
IP
Tech Local Transport / Signaling Gateways Call Routers Frame Satellite Wireless
Force Access Digital Access / Network Agent Relay & Local
System Switches DSL & Servers ATM Loop
NEL
Fleet Switches
WFA Optimizer
Work & Force
Management Suite

Other Suppliers of OSS/NMS Software
OSS/NMS
Function Company
Orche- Micro- Arki- Cross
Cross
Concord Infovista Opnet Kenan Riversoft
stream Muse pelago Keys
Keys

Provisioning
Management and
Service Creation 
Provisioning
Provisioning Inventory
Management  
Network
Network Planning
Planning

Performance
Management  
Assurance
Assurance Fault Management
Security
Security Management
Management
   
Monitor utilization
of ntwk. resources     
Billing
Billing
Market
Market driven
driven
billing
billing 
Cost
Cost driven
driven billing
billing 
Source: Cambridge Strategic Management Group

Acronym Glossary

Acronyms A-Z
ADM add/drop multiplexer
AIS alarm indication signal (SONET error)
APON ATM-based passive optical network
APS automatic protection switching
ASE amplified spontaneous emission
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
BER bit error rate
BLSR bi-directional line switched ring
CATV cable television
CLEC competitive local exchange carrier
CORBA common object request broker architecture
CWDM coarse wavelength division mutliplexing
DCS digital cross-connect system
DPT dynamic packet transport (Cisco)
DSLAM digital subscriber line access multiplexer
DSn digital signal level (for n=0, 64kb/s, n=1 1.544Mb/s (T1), n=44.736 Mb/s (T3)
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing
EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier
EML element management layer
EMS element management system
EPON Ethernet-based passive optical network
ESCON enterprise system connection (IBM)

Acronyms (cont.)
FBG fiber bragg gratings
FC fiber channel
FEC forward error correction
FR frame relay
FWM four wave mixing
G gigabits per second (Gb/s)
GbE gigabit Ethernet
GFP generic framing procedure
GMPLS generalized multiprotocol label switching
HFC hybrid fiber-coax
ILEC incumbent local exchange carrier
IP internet protocol
IS-IS intermediate system-intermediate system
ISP internet service provider
ITU international telecommunications union
IXC interexchange carrier
LDP label distribution protocol
LEC local exchange carrier
LH long haul
LMP label management protocol
LOF loss of frame (SONET error)
LOP loss of path (SONET error)

Acronyms
LOS loss of signal
LSP label switched path
MAC media access control
MAN metropolitan area network
MEMS micro-electro-mechanical system
MM multimode (fiber)
MPLS multiprotocol label switching
MSPP multi-service provisioning platform
NC&M network control and management
NEL network element layer
NF noise figure
NG next generation
NMA network management and analysis (Telcordia OSS)
NML network management layer
NMS network management system
NNI network to network interface
OADM optical add/drop multiplexer
OAM operations, administration, and maintenance
OAM&P operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning
OC-n optical carrier, base unit (n=1) is 51.84 Mb/s
OEO optical-to-electronic-to-optical
OIF optical internetworking forum

Acronyms
OSC optical supervisory channel
OSNR optical signal to noise ratio
OSS operations support system
OTDM optical time division multiplexing
OTN optical transport network
OXC optical cross-connect
PDH plesio-synchronous digital hierarchy (pre-SONET)
PDU protocol data unit
PL private line
PLC planar lightwave circuit
PMD polarization mode dispersion
PON passive optical network
POP point of presence
POS packet over SONET
POTS plain old telephone system
PPP point to point protocol
PTT post, telephone, and telegraph (non-US based local and long distance carrier)
QoS quality of service
RDI remote defect indication (ATM)
RFI request for information
RFP request for proposal
RPR resilient packet ring

Acronyms
RSVP resource reservation protocol
RZ return to zero modulation format
SAN storage area network
SDH synchronous digital hierarchy
SLA service level agreement
SM single mode (fiber)
SMIR single mode intermediate reach
SMLR single mode long reach
SMSR single mode short reach
SNMP simple network management protocol
SR short reach
STM-n synchronous transport model (STM-1 = OC-3)
STS-n synchronous transport signal level (n = 1 corresponds to 51.84 Mb/s)
TDM time division multiplexing
TIRKS trunk information record keeping system (Telcordia)
TL-1 transaction language
TMN tele-management network
ULH ultra long haul
UNI user-network interface
UPSR unidirectional path switched ring
VLAN virtual local area network
VOD video on demandVoIP

Acronyms
VPN virtual private network
VT virtual tributary (VT-1.5 maps a DS-1 into SONET)
XPM cross-phase modulation

1optical Taxonomy

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The Optical Networking Taxonomy

An SAIC Company Telcordia Technologies Proprietary – Internal Use Only

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 2

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 3

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 4

Core IXC Network

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 5

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 6

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 7

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Access Metro Core

Edge/Aggregation Core Routers

Most products in these areas Metro & Core

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 10

Access Metro Core

Shaded area indicates coverage

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 11

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 12

– increase channel bit rate: >40 Gb/s, OTDM techniques L3

– optimal choice of signal rate and number of λ s for span L2

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 13

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 14

– Signal Fail & Signal Degrade condition determination

for protection and restoration (e.g. if high accuracy L2

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 15

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 16

– to eliminate SONET altogether using GbE over L3

DWDM or glass - new CLECs

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 17

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 18

C.O. Fiber Channel

OADM C.O. C.O. OADM

 Goal is to have a single unified transport infrastructure

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 19

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 20

– small to medium sized switch fabric which may include

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 21

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concatenated channel), not over entire ring bandwidth) L3

 Most MSPPs, as well as other emerging metro NEs, L2

provide distributed control plane capabilities to L1

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 24

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 25

Multi-Tenant Unit ISPs IP Backbone

LAN 1 Access GbE Multi-tenant

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 26

 Enables support of GbE networking over SONET L3

transport, an appealing proposition for ILECs L2

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 27

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 28

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Removing Stat. Mux. Stat. Mux. L3

stranded over indiv. for multi- L2

capacity channels end points L1

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 30

to Tb/s and beyond

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 31

 Aggregate IP packets from multiple customer devices or networks

See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 – 32

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Metro & Core