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 GROUP MEMBERS

@ ROHANI BT ROMLI (0718538)

@ S.FARADILLA ANSTASIA (0717116)
@ NUR ASILAH (0712388)
@ CHE AFALILI (0717952)
@ RABIATUL ADAWIYAH DANIAL (0534314)
@ NURUL AIMA BT. DAUD (0537358)
@ AZURAIDAH BT ARIFIN (0538682)
@ NUR HASYIMAH HAMZAH (0533618)
@ SITI FARHANA BT SAMSUDDIN (0535788)
@ SITI FAIRUS BT SAHUL HAMID (0538170)
@ HUSNA BT MUHD NADZRI (0533548)
@ SITI SUBAIYAH BT SHAHUDIN (0532074)
@ N00RSAYYIDATUL KARIMAH (0630444)
@ ATIQAH NADIAH BT ABD RAHIM (0519822)



 


 


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@ High separation capability.

@ possibility of developing systems that can recover
valuable pharmaceutical components .
@ Method step-1) Raw POME

2) centrifugation
3) Memrane unit
4) Effluent
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
@ alternative for wastewater treatment and
simultaneous fuel gas production
@ low costs, energy production, relatively small
space requirement
AEROBIC ATTACHED ²GROWTH SYSTEM
:TRICKLING FILTER
@ Non-energy intensive process with far less
operating area requirement .
@ Able to withstand shock load and influent quality
fluctuation
@ With aerobic, anaerobic as well as nitrifying
bacteria populating the trickling filter, the
wastewater can be treated with high efficiency
using this treatment method
@ In a trickling filter, the microorganisms grow as a
bio-film on an immobile solid support over which
the liquid flows in thin sheets .
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@ The raw effluent is treated using a ponding
system comprising of three phases,i.e.
^ anaerobic,
^ facultative, and
^ algae processes.

@ Although the system takes a longer retention

time of 90 days, it is less sensitive to
environment changes, stable, efficient and could
guarantee excellent pollutant biodegradation
efficiency of above 95%.
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 ›


@ This is a simple and innovative bioreactor
process that is capable of treating POME
efficiently.

@ The system is superior to the conventional

system as it operates with very short hydraulic
retention times, takes high organic loading,
requires less space and is more environmentally
friendly.
›


   
 


^ Multistage biochemical process in which

complex organic substances are fermented by
microorganisms in the absence of oxygen and
the presence of anaerobic microorganisms
^ Advantages:
cost effective processes that utilize microbial communities
high organic removal rates
low energy requirement
low sludge production
energy production


Complex organic molecules

á
 
Monomers
(e.g. glucose, amino acid, fatty acid)
 
 

Organic acid, alcohol, ketones

 

Calcium sulphate

   

Citric acid
 
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@ A pre-mixing area or tank

@ A digester vessel(s)

@ A system for using the biogas

@ A system for distributing or spreading the

effluent (the remaining digested material).
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ë In the first stage of hydrolysis, the polymeric organic
materials are hydrolysed to monomers such as glucose,
fatty acids and amino acids by hydrolytic bacteria
(|
  ).
ë The hydrolysis process is of significant importance in
high organic waste and may become rate limiting.
Solubilisation involves hydrolysis process where the
complex organic matter is hydrolysed into soluble
monomers.
ë Fats are hydrolysed into fatty acids or glycerol;
proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids or
peptides while carbohydrates are hydrolysed into
monosaccharides and dissacharides.

Fats A long chain fatty acids, glycerol

Proteins A amino acids, short-chain peptides

Polysaccharides A monosaccharides, disaccharides

˜"  

@ In fermentation stage, the hydrolysed products

are converted to volatile fatty acids, alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones, ammonia, carbon dioxide,
water and hydrogen by the acid-forming bacteria.
@ The organic acids formed are acetic acid,
propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.
     

@ After the fermentation is over, calcium citrate is

precipitated from the fermented broth by adding
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
@ It is then filtered, washed, and treated with sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) to precipitate calcium sulphate and to
find citric acid.
@ Then, evaporation process will be used to futher isolate
and purified the product. Finally, the citric acid will be
crystallized.
 $!%&%$ $%&

^ #'()'%
Polysaccharides A monosaccharide·s,
disaccharides

^ *&%&
Monosaccharide(glucose) + Ca(OH)*A organic
acid, water , oxygen and sulfide
 $!%&%$ $%&
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^ %)%&
organic acid (calcium citrate) + H*SO A
calcium sulphate
 
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@ Since 50 m³/day POME are produced every
day, we will estimate that the citric acid
production is about 1250 m³/day.
@ The citric acid is made up of 50-60 % C6H8O7.
citric acid production:

@ For50% C6H8O7
@ Quantity of citric acid produce = 50 x 25m³
100
= 12.5 m³

@ For60% C6H8O7
@ Quantity of citric acid produce = 60 x 25m³

100
= 15.0 m³
@ The quantity of citric acid produce is estimated about
12.5 m3 ² 15.0 m3
@ Production of citric acid in one day is about 625 m3 ²
750 m3
@ So, the estimated quantities of citric acid that produce
annually is about 228 125 m3 ² 273 750 m3 or 228.1 L
² 273.8 L.
#  m

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@ The by product can be consist of small fraction of

POME residue, fungi cells and carbon dioxide
(CO2), gluconic acid, oxalic acid.

@ Segregate the final by product bioconversion into

products that we can still utilize and products
that cannot be further utilized.

@ Gluconic acid and oxalic acid can be used in

cleaning products and detergents.
@ The unutilized products can be categorized as
hazardous waste because it consists of oil, corrosive
(pH value lower than 2.0) and contain fungi cells from
the fermentation.

@ biohazardous waste must be biologically inactivated

before disposal in order to avoid any potentially
hazardous agent inside the waste prior to the bacteria
cells.
@ The corrosive component can be neutralized using
bench top treatment.

@ Neutralization or dilution will properly treat these

wastes for safe storage.

@ The waste will be finally sent to hazardous waste

landfill.
 

 
 !

@ By converting the POME waste product into citric acid, we can
reduce organic waste that can lead to pollution.

@ We should establish a project team to evaluate the system and

investment option to minimize the cost.

@ Further research should be conduct to find an alternative way to

treat this agricultural residue and convert it into beneficial by
products especially citric acid.

@ The bio hazardous waste must be biologically inactivated before

disposal in order to avoid any potentially hazardous agent inside
the waste prior to the bacteria cells.

@ By developing a treatment plant for bio-conversion of POME into

citric acid, it will make our environment cleaner and safer.
# !,"
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