Refrigeration

&
Air
Conditioning

Gurinder Singh
Roll- M6803A12
B.tech (EEE)
 Introduction

Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool

products or a building environment.

The refrigeration or air conditioning system

transfers heat from a cooler low-energy reservoir
to a warmer high-energy reservoir
 Types of Refrigeration
• Vapour Compression Refrigeration
(VCR): uses mechanical energy
• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR):
uses thermal energy
Components of Vapour compression
refrigeration system
1. Compressor- The compressor compresses the refrigerant
gas. This raises the refrigerant's pressure and temperature, so
the heat-exchanging coils outside the refrigerator allow the
refrigerant to dissipate the heat of pressurization.

2. Condensor- As it cools, the refrigerant condenses into liquid

form (purple) and flows through the expansion valve.

3. Expansion valve- When it flows through the expansion

valve, the liquid refrigerant is allowed to move from a high-
pressure zone to a low-pressure zone, so it expands and
evaporates . In evaporating, it absorbs heat, making it cold.

4. Evaporator- The coils inside the refrigerator allow the

refrigerant to absorb heat, making the inside of the
refrigerator cold. The cycle then repeats.
Generic Refrigeration Cycle
Thermodynamic Cycle
Vapour Compression Refrigeration

• 3
• Condenser
• High
• 4 Pressure
Side

• Expansion
Device • Compressor

• 2 • Low
• 1
Pressure
• Side
Evaporator
 Compressor
The superheated
vapour enters the
compressor where its
pressure is raised

• 3
• Condenser
• High
• 4 Pressure
Side
• Expansion
Device • Compresso
r

• • 2 • Low
1
Pressu
• Evaporator re Side
 Condenser
The high pressure superheated gas
is cooled in several stages in the
condenser

3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
 Expansion
Liquid passes through expansion device,
which reduces its pressure and controls the
flow into the evaporator

Condenser 3
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
 Evaporator
Low pressure liquid
refrigerant in • 3
evaporator absorbs • Condenser
heat and changes to • High
a gas • 4 Pressure
Side

• Expansion
Device • Compressor

• 2 • Low
• 1
Pressure
• Side
Evaporator
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
 Multistage compressor
   A type of compressor that compresses air to the
required pressure in multiple stages with cooling in
between stages. Multi-stage compressors are often
used for higher pressures.
Cascade Refrigeration System
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
• Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency
• Depends on evaporator temperature Te and
condensing temperature Tc:

COP = Te / (Tc - Te)

Co
ol
in
gef
f
ec
t(
k
W)
C
O
P=
P
ow
e
ri
n
put
to
co
mp
re
ss
o
r(
k
W)
 Air Conditioning
• Purpose: maintain the atmosphere of an
enclosed space at a required temp, humidity
and purity
• Refrigeration system is at heart of AC system

An air conditioner's capacity is measured in

“ BTU”.
12,000 BTU’s = 1 ton.
 AC System Types
• Self-Contained System
– Add-on to ships that originally did not have AC
plants
– Not located in ventilation system (window unit)
• Refrigerant circulating system
– Hot air passed over refrigerant cooling coils
directly
• Chilled water circulating system
– Refrigerant cools chill water
– Hot air passes over chill water cooling coils
Basic AC System
Working of AC
 Safety Precautions

• Phosgene gas hazard

– Lethal
– Created when refrigerant is exposed to high temperatures
• Handling procedures
– Wear goggles and gloves to avoid eye irritation and frostbite
• Handling of compressed gas bottles
 Advance Research
• The KSTAR (Korean Superconducting Tokamak
Advanced Research) project makes intensive use of
superconducting magnets operated at 4.4 K. The
cold components of KSTAR require forced flow of
supercritical helium for magnets and structure,
boiling liquid helium for current leads, and gaseous
helium for thermal shields. A helium refrigerator
has been customed design for this project. The
"design" operating mode results with a system
composed of a 9 kW refrigerator.
 Recent Advanced Reasearch
• Air is electrically charged, which means it
contains in definite proportions,
positively charged molecules (positive
ions) and negatively charge molecules
(negative ions). Scientific research has
shown that their balance is required to
create a good mood.The environment we
live in, is full of positive ions which
makes the air more polluted. These
positive ions are being discharged by
electrical appliances, high voltage
networks, heating and cooling plants,
radio and television transmitters, radar
systems, tobacco, computers and TV sets.
Rock Salt crystal is known to be one of
the most efficient emitters of negative
ions that improve the air quality
 Thank you

Any Question