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     

 

  
David L. Morgan
Portland State University

Sheila Arelli G. Safra, PTRP, MHPEd


PHPE 308
 


 @dentify unique characteristic of


focus group discussion (FGD)
 Enumerate specific uses for FGD
 Differentiate FGD from the
following as a Qualitative Method
Participant Observation
@ndividual interviews
    


   

 Explicit use of group


 @dentify unique
characteristic of
focus group
discussion (FGD) interaction to produce data
 Enumerate
specific uses for and insights less accessible
FGD

 Differentiate
without the interaction found
FGD from the
following as a
Qualitative
in a group.
Method

Participant
 Reliance on researcher͛s focus
Observation

@ndividual
and the group͛s interaction
interviews
     

 Self contained Method


 @dentify unique
characteristic of
focus group
discussion (FGD)

 Enumerate
 Supplementary source of data
specific uses for
FGD
 Multi-method study
 Differentiate
FGD from the
following as a
Qualitative
Method

Participant
Observation

@ndividual
interviews
     

 @dentify unique
characteristic of
 Self contained Method
focus group
discussion (FGD) Discussion as a source of primary
 Enumerate
specific uses for
data in a qualitative study; basis
FGD
for a complete study.
 Differentiate
FGD from the
following as a
Requires careful matching of
Qualitative
Method
research goals with the data that
Participant
FGD can produce to meet these
Observation
goals
@ndividual
interviews
     

 @dentify unique
characteristic of
 Supplementary source of data
focus group
discussion (FGD) Discussions serves as a source
 Enumerate
specific uses for
of preliminary data in a
FGD
primarily quantitative study
 Differentiate
FGD from the
following as a
Ex. To generate survey
Qualitative
Method
questionnaires; to develop
Participant content of a program
Observation

@ndividual
interviews
     

 @dentify unique
characteristic of
 Supplementary source of data
focus group
discussion (FGD) Source of follow up data to
 Enumerate
specific uses for
assist the primary method
FGD

 Differentiate
Ex. pursue poorly understood
FGD from the
following as a
survey results or evaluate
Qualitative
Method
outcome of a program /
Participant intervention
Observation

@ndividual
interviews
     

 @dentify unique
characteristic of
 Multi-method study
focus group
discussion (FGD) FGD adds to the data typically
 Enumerate gathered through other
specific uses for
FGD qualitative methods
 Differentiate
FGD from the The goal is to use each method so
following as a
Qualitative that it contributes something
Method
unique to the understanding the
Participant
Observation
phenomenon being studied
@ndividual
interviews
  


  


 @dentify unique  Participant Observation


characteristic of
focus group Naturalistic setting
discussion (FGD)
Can collect data on a larger range of behaviors
 Enumerate
specific uses for Greater variety of interactions
FGD
More open discussion
 Differentiate
FGD from the
following as a
 FGD
Qualitative
Method
Limited to verbal behavior and self reported
data
Participant
Observation Consist only of interactions in discussion
groups
@ndividual
interviews
Created and managed by the researcher
  


  
  

 @t is necessary to observe behavior in


its natural context and follow these
behaviors in depth over time
 The goal is to collect data on other
social actions rather than the
discussions of these activities
 The topic of interest demands
relatively uncontaminated statements
of participants experiences and
perspectives
    

 Attitude and decision making are


inherently unobservable
 There is difficulty locating and gaining
access to settings in which as
substantial set of observations can be
collected.
 When the need for rapid data
collection would supersede the need
for depth and detail of participant
observation
 




 

 @dentify unique
 @ndividual @nterviews
characteristic of
focus group @nterviewer has greater control
discussion (FGD)

 Enumerate
Greater amount of information that
specific uses for each informant has time to share.
FGD

 Differentiate
 FGD
FGD from the
following as a Requires greater attention to the
Qualitative
Method role of the moderator
Participant
Observation
Less depth and detail about opinions
@ndividual
and experiences of any given
interviews participant
 



 

 

 The goal of research is to have an


in depth understanding of a
person͛s opinions and
experiences, learn about each
informant in detail and learn
about biographical details of a
person͛s life.
    

 We immediately need direct


evidence about similarities and
differences in participants
opinions
 Topics are either habit-ridden or
not thought out in detail.
Ex. Use of bar soap
 


 @dentify the appropriate method/s of


data gathering (interview, FGD or
participant observation)
Hand washing practices among
nurses in the wards.
Safe sex practices among MSM
View about pre marital sex among
females ages 18-25
Health beliefs and practices of
Aetas
 
       

 
    
 

 Planning before start
 Overview of FG research Designs
 Determining the types of
participants
 Determining Level of group structure
 Determining the size of the group
 Determining the number of groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start  Ethical concerns
 Overview of FG
research Designs  Budget @ssues
 Determining the
types of
participants
 Time constraints
 Determining
Level of group
structure

 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  @nvasion of privacy
start

Ethical concerns in taping ʹ decide at the outset


Budget @ssues
who will have access to tapes,
Time
preferably limit access to research
constraints staff
When information are shared
among participants ʹ it is not a
productive use of Focus Groups to
ask people to talk with discussion
partners whom they are not
comfortable with.
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Budget @ssues
Ethical concerns Cost include salaries of
Budget @ssues moderators, travels, rental of
Time
research sites, payment to
constraints participants, producing and
transcribing tapes
Savings possible if the researcher
has the time and the skills of
being the moderator
 
    
 

 Planning before  Time constraints
start

Ethical concerns Varies with purpose and analysis


Budget @ssues
Recruitment of participants may be
Time
constraints
time consuming when specialized
population are required or there is
a need to compare multiple
categories of participants
Transcript typing is slow and
transcript analysis is very time
consuming
 
    
 

 Planning before
 Rules of thumb (descriptive summary
start of FGD are often done ʹ not a
 Overview of FG
standard)
research Designs

 Determining the
Use homogenous strangers as
types of participants
participants

 Determining
Rely on a relatively structured
Level of group interview with high moderator
structure
involvement
 Determining the
size of the group Have 6 to 10 participants per group
 Determining the
number of Have a total of 3 to 5 groups per
groups project.
 
    
 

 Planning before
start  Determining the types of
 Overview of FG participants
research Designs

 Determining the Sampling concerns


types of
participants
Homogeneity and Segmentation
 Determining
Level of group
structure Strangers vs Acquaintances
 Determining the
size of the group Recruitment @ssues
 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start  Sampling concerns
 Overview of FG
research Designs More useful to consider
 Determining the
types of
minimizing sample bias rather
participants
than consider generalizability ʹ
 Determining
Level of group shift from random samples to
structure

 Determining the
theoretically motivated
size of the group samples
 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  Homogeneity and Segmentation
start

 Overview of FG
Segmentation - the decision to
research Designs control group composition to match
 Determining the
carefully chosen categories of
types of participants.
participants

 Determining
Segmented samples are closely tied
Level of group
structure
to the emphasis on homogeneity in
the composition of focus group. @t
 Determining the
size of the group
allows free flowing discussion and
facilitates analyses that examines
 Determining the
number of differences in perspective between
groups groups.
 
    
 

 Planning before  Homogeneity and Segmentation
start

 Overview of FG
@mportant to consider that the goal is
research Designs homogeneity in background and not
 Determining the
in attitude.
types of
participants

 Determining
Level of group
structure

 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  Strangers vs Acquaintances
start

 Overview of FG
Strangers and acquaintances can
research Designs generate different group dynamics.
 Determining the
types of
When group dynamics is not an issue
participants then decision may be based on
 Determining
practical concerns
Level of group
structure

 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  Strangers vs Acquaintances
start

 Overview of FG
When it may be impossible to recruit
research Designs a full group of acquaintances or in
 Determining the
other cases it may be impossible to
types of avoid it then decision should be
participants
based on the basic criterion of
 Determining
Level of group
whether a particular group of
structure participants can comfortably discuss
 Determining the
the topic in ways that are useful to
size of the group the researcher
 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Recruitment @ssues
 Overview of FG @nadequate recruitment efforts are
research Designs
the single most common source of
 Determining the problems in FGD
types of
participants
essential to develop careful
 Determining
Level of group
procedures to ensure that enough
structure participants will be present for
 Determining the
each group.
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Recruitment @ssues
 Overview of FG When homogeneity is a major
research Designs
concern, screening may be done
 Determining the prior to discussion but beware that
types of
participants this may post a risk by alerting the
 Determining
participants on the topic of the
Level of group research
structure

 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start  Determining Level of group
 Overview of FG
research Designs structure
 Determining the
types of More structured groups
participants

 Determining
Level of group
Less structured group
structure

 Determining the
The ͞funnel͟ as a
size of the group
compromised approach
 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 More structured groups
 Overview of FG
research Designs Useful when there is a strong, pre
 Determining the
types of
existing agenda for the research.
participants
 Determining A standardized interview and a
Level of group
structure
higher moderator involvement will
üMore contribute in meeting the said
structured
groups
agenda
üLess
structured Narrow set of questions or a
group motivated moderator may limit
üThe ͞funnel͟
approach
data
 
    
 

 Planning before  Less structured group
start
 Overview of FG
research Designs
Useful for exploratory research
 Determining the
types of Un-standardized interview guide will
participants
 Determining
provide the opportunity to hear the
Level of group
structure
interest of the participants in each
üMore group and minimized moderator
structured involvement will give participants
groups
üLess
more opportunity to pursue what
structured interests them.
group
üThe ͞funnel͟ Disadvantage: more difficult to
approach
compare groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  The ͞funnel͟ as a compromised
start
 Overview of FG
approach
research Designs
 Determining the Each group begins with a less
types of
participants
structured approach that emphasizes
 Determining free discussion and then moves
Level of group
structure
toward a more structured discussion
üMore of specific questions.
structured
groups Makes it possible to hear the
üLess
structured participants own perspective (early
group part of the discussion) as well as their
üThe ͞funnel͟
approach
responses to researcher͛s specific
interests(later part of the discussion)
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Factor s to be considered in decision
 Overview of FG
making
research Designs

 Determining the
The amount that each participant
types of
participants
should contribute to the group
 Determining
Level of group
How much detail the researchers
structure
need to hear from the participants
 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  Small groups
start

 Overview of FG
run the risk of being less productive
research Designs because they are so sensitive to the
 Determining the dynamics among the individual
types of
participants
participants
 Determining Works best when participants are
Level of group
structure
likely to be both interested in the
topic and respectful of each other.
 Determining the
size of the group
More useful when researcher desires
 Determining the
number of
a clear sense of each participant͛s
groups reaction
 
    
 

 Planning before  Large groups
start

 Overview of FG
More difficult to manage especially
research Designs when participants are highly involved
 Determining the in the topic.
types of
participants Can easily break up into small
 Determining conversations, or people may start
Level of group
structure
talking at once which implies loss of
data because of difficulty taping
 Determining the
size of the group
Requires high level of moderator
 Determining the involvement which are not desirable
number of
groups for some research purposes
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Practical consideration: over
 Overview of FG recruit by 20% to cover for no
research Designs

 Determining the
shows
types of
participants  Rule of thumb: 6 to 10 participants
 Determining
Level of group per group
structure

 Determining the  Purposes of the research and the


size of the group

 Determining the
constraints of the field should
number of
groups
always be taken into account.
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Number of groups in a project will
 Overview of FG be the primary determinant of how
research Designs

 Determining the
much data the research produces.
types of
participants  Also have direct impact on the size
 Determining
Level of group and structure of the research team
structure

 Determining the  Rule of thumb: three to five groups


size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before  @mportant determinants for the number
start
of groups
 Overview of FG
research Designs Variability of participants within and
 Determining the across groups; heterogeneous groups
types of
participants
and comparison of several distinct
population segments
 Determining
Level of group
structure
Degree of structure of the interview;
less structure more groups required
 Determining the
size of the group
because of increased variability from
 Determining the
group to group
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start  @f there are few potential participants
 Overview of FG
available or if participants are highly
research Designs dispersed then it is wisest to have
 Determining the several smaller groups.
types of
participants  Having only one group will create severe
 Determining problems like it is impossible to tell
Level of group
structure
when the discussion reflects either the
unusual composition of the group or the
 Determining the
size of the group
dynamics of the unique set of
 Determining the
participants.
number of
groups
 
    
 

 Planning before
start
 Safest advice: determine number of
 Overview of FG
research Designs target groups in the planning stage but
 Determining the have a flexible alternative available if
types of
participants more groups are needed.
 Determining
Level of group
structure

 Determining the
size of the group

 Determining the
number of
groups
 
    
 


 Planning before start

Ethical concerns
Budget @ssues
Time constraints
 Overview of FG research
Designs
 
    
 

 Determining the types of
participants
Sampling concerns
Homogeneity and
Segmentation
Strangers vs Acquaintances
Recruitment @ssues
 
    
 


 Determining Level of group


structure
More structured groups
Less structured group
The ͞funnel͟ as a
compromised approach
 
    
 


 Determining the size of the


group
Small group
Large group
 Determining the number of
groups
    
 


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