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patterns that
transcend time and
geography
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oseph Campbell
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Yodney Standen
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: |rchetypal critics account for a unive
ity in
literature by pointing to
ecu

ingtte
n and
imge that appear so deeply embedded in
the human mind and culture that they strike a
responsive chord in everyone.
|
chety

iticim

: also called Myth Criticism

: has roots in anthropological and
psychological studies
± Late 19th and early 20th centuries
 i
me
e

: Cambridge anthropologist
: examined primitive rituals that indicated similar
patterns of behavior and belief among diverse
and widely separated cultures

e


: %
(
*
+,
-

.
V1922
- 12 volumes
± explanation of motives behind customs
: talian people of the shores of Lake Nemi
: rule of kingly succession was to pluck the bough from a
sacred tree and then kill the old king in individual combat
± found this custom was similar or connection of other customs
in other peoples
Öie
tu

y

: r amlet and Orestes´ in %
 %



/
± found similarities in Shakespeare¶s amlet and
the Greek Orestes
: both are sons of kings killed by younger kinsmen who
then marry the dead king¶s wife
: both are driven by supernatural forces to avenge their
father¶s death
: both end not only by slaying the new king but also by
being responsible for their mother¶s death
u

y

: explores connection in the mythic patterns

underlying the Greek Orestes saga and the
Scandinavian amlet story.
± behind both is the r  


(
*
0
 # VMurray 228

: pattern identified by Frazer in which life is renewed through
the slaying of an old monarch and succession by a new
one.


ung

: psychologist
: student of Freud
: %
*  
 "("1

: first gave prominence to the term `



ung

:
ectivenc nci u
± Shared by all humans
± an unconscious r

 
 
 
2

 
 

 
 

# Vung 289



ung

: |rchetypes
± contents of the collective unconscious
± defined as primordial or r
  


2  

  # Vung 288

± formed during the earliest stages of human
development


ung

: |lthough the theory may seem almost mystic,

ung found no other way to account for the
appearance of ne
yidenticimge and
patterns in the mind of individuals from wholly
different cultures and backgrounds.
ung

: ung notes instances which suggest that

± water is a symbol of the unconscious and the action
of descending to the water is a symbol of the
frightening experience of confronting the depths of
one¶s unconscious.
: dreams of Protestant clergymen
: legends of |frican tribes
ung

: ung¶s account of a patient who in 1906 related

visions containing odd symbolic configurations.
± later he encountered similar symbols in a Greek
papyrus first deciphered in 1910
ung

: he
y ndividuti n
± | psychological rgrowing up´
± | process of learning of one¶s own individuality
: | process of self-recognition which is essential to
becoming a well-balanced person
± Neuroses are result of person¶s failure to confront
and accept archetypal components of the
unconscious
ung«

: nherited components of the psyche

± Principles |rchetypes
: |nimus
: |nima
: Shadow
|

: Physical man
: Yepresents physical, brute strength of man
and his animal instincts
: Can be the rmasculine´ designation of the
female psyche
||

: mhe rsoul image´

: mhe spiritual life-force
: mhe r







  
  
   Ë´ rË

  
  ´ Vung, 
 26

: Feminine designation in the male psyche
: |ssociated with feelings, passions, instinctive,
unconscious aspect of the psyche
 |

: mhe darker side of our unconscious self

: nferior, less pleasing aspect of the personality
: Yepresents r

   


 

  
 
# Vung, %!  94

: Needs to be suppressed
: When projected, this archetype becomes
± mhe villain
± mhe devil
: mhe theory of archetypes would explain not
only such instances as these but also the
similarity of myths and rituals found by Frazer,
for archetypes are universal patterns from
which myths derive.
 eh
me

: Monomyth pattern
 ud dkin

: 
/


/V19 4

± among first literary studies in the ungian
tradition
± application of psychological knowledge to
works of literature
 dkin

:. 


-

± rebirth archetype
± rnight journey under the sea´
: going down to the water Vinto depths of
one¶s own being
[death] precedes a
rrebirth´ into greater wisdom and self-
knowledge
: onah - biblical parallel

th

ye

: 
  +&!  V1957

: Yelies solely upon literature to draw the
archetypal patterns.
: Calls the theory of collective unconscious an
r

 

  

 #
VFrye 112


ye

: Shifts definition of archetype from

psychological to the literary
: |rchetype is r  



  





  

 
' 
2
 
# VFrye 65


ye

: four types of literature Vnarrative patterns

± 

: nifying myth
± analogous to seasons of year
± to the story of the birth, death, and rebirth of the
mythic hero

ye

: Mythos of   Yomance
± analogous to the birth and youthful adventures of
the mythic hero
± suggests innocence and triumph
± narrative of wish-fulfillment with good character
triumphing over bad
: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
: Yobin ood
: old-fashioned cowboy movies

ye

: Mythos of | mragedy

± major movement toward the death or defeat of the
hero
: Oedipus
: King Lear

ye

: Mythos of   rony or Satire

± hero now absent
± society is left without effective leadership or sense
of norms/values
: Swift¶s - / 
± social norms are turned upside down for artistic purposes
: Conrad¶s $ 3

: Kafka
: Camus
± sense of hopelessness and bondage

ye

: Mythos of  Ö: Comedy

± rebirth of hero
± renewal of life in which those elements of society
who would block the hero are overcome
± hero and heroine take their rightful place
± order is restored
: Shakespearian comedies

ye

: Vvery work of literature has its place within this

scheme or myth.
: Vvery piece of literature adds to the myth.
eieiede

: segins examination with literary works

themselves, rather than with universal patterns
: Concerned with defining unique cultural
patterns within literature
± 
!
4


+!  

/ V1955

± 
3



5V1962

iede


: ses insights of archetypal criticism to isolate

patterns within literature of a given culture or
author.
: 
!
4



± sees a single, though controversial, archetype:
: r
 


6
' 



 
6# VFiedler 146

iede


: |rgues that where in Vuropean novels we

would expect to find heterosexual passion, we
discover same-sex relationship
± ames Fenimore Cooper
: Natty sumppo and Chingachgook VLeatherstocking novels
± %
   
-

, %
3 , etc.

± erman Melville
: shmael and Queequeg V-3

± Mark mwain
: uck and im V
  $&

iede


: |merican pattern that may be limited

historically
: s a pattern that repeats itself
: Seems widely shared at a level beneath
consciousness
: s for Fiedler, r   
  




# VFiedler 146

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