BURJ KHALIFA

Ahmed Osama Khattab

Mohamed Hatem Shams
Mohamed Yosry Mohamed
Contents

1 Structural System

1
2 Structural Analysis and Design

3 Foundations

4 Lateral Loads

5 Long-Term Effects and Construction Sequence

Contents

6
1 Coupling Beams and Outriggers

1
7 Concrete Material

8 Construction

10
Structural System

 Designers purposely shaped the structural

concrete Burj Dubai—‘Y’ shaped in plan—to
reduce the Wind Forces.
Structural System

 The structural system can be described as a

‘buttressed’ core
Structural System

 The center hexagonal reinforced concrete core

walls provide the torsional resistance.
Structural System

 The center hexagonal walls are buttressed by the

wing walls and hammerhead walls, which behave
as the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the
wind shears and moments.
Structural System

 Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the

columns to participate in the lateral load resistance
of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete
is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads.
Structural Analysis and Design

 The structure was analyzed for gravity

(including P-Δ analysis), wind, and seismic
loads using ETABS version 8.4. The model
consisted of the reinforced concrete walls,
link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and the spire
structural steel system
Structural Analysis and Design

 The dynamic analysis indicated the first mode is lateral side-sway

with a period of 11.3 s (Figure 5). The second mode is a
perpendicular lateral side-sway with a period of 10.2 s. Torsion is
the fifth mode with a period of 4.3 s.
Structural Analysis and Design

 Under lateral wind loading, the building deflections are

well below commonly used criteria.
Structural Analysis and Design

 The reinforced concrete structure was designed in

accordance with the requirements of ACI 318–02
 The structural steel spire was designed for gravity,
wind, seismic and fatigue in accordance with the
requirements of AISC Load and Resistance Factor
Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
(1999).
 The Dubai Municipality (DM) specifies Dubai as a
UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region (with a seismic zone
factor Z = 0.15 and soil profile Sc).
Structural Analysis and Design

 Dr. Max Irvine developed site-specific seismic reports

for the project, including a seismic hazard analysis.
 The potential for liquefaction was investigated; it was
determined that liquefaction is not considered to have
any structural implications for the deep-seated tower
foundations.
Foundations

 The tower foundations consist of a pile-supported raft.

The solid reinforced concrete raft is 3.7 m (12 ft) thick
and was poured utilizing C50 (cube strength) self-
consolidating concrete (SCC).
 The raft was constructed in four separate pours (three
wings and the center core).
Foundations

 The tower raft is supported by 194 bored cast-in-place

piles. The piles are 1.5 m in diameter and
approximately 43 m long, with a design capacity of
3000 tonnes each. The tower pile load test supported
over 6000 tonnes
Foundations

 The site geotechnical investigation consisted of the

following phases:
• Phase 1: 23 boreholes (three with pressure meter
testing) with depths up to 90 m;
• Phase 2: three boreholes drilled with cross-hole
geophysics;
• Phase 3: six boreholes (two with pressure meter
testing) with depths up to 60 m.
• Phase 4: one borehole with cross-hole and down-
hole geophysics; depth = 140 m.
Foundations

 The groundwater in which the Burj Dubai substructure is

constructed is particularly severe, with chloride concentrations of
up to 4.5% and sulfates of up to 0.6%, higher than sea water
 The concrete mix for the piles was a 60 MPa with 25% fly ash, 7%
silica fume, and a water:cement ratio of 0.32. The concrete was a
fully self-consolidating concrete to limit the possibility of defects
during construction.
Wind Engineering

 The wind tunnel program included:

 rigid-model force balance tests
 full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model studies
 measurements of localized pressures
 pedestrian wind environment studies
 and wind climatic studies.
Wind Engineering

 The aeroelastic and force balance studies used models mostly at

1 : 500 scale
 The building has six important wind directions
Wind Engineering

Force Balance Test

 For the Burj Dubai the results of the force balance tests were
used as early input for the structural design and detailed shape of
the tower.
Wind Engineering

 It was noticed that the force spectra for different wind directions
showed less excitation for winds impacting the pointed end
 This was borne in mind when selecting the orientation of the tower
relative to the most frequent strong wind directions for Dubai and
the direction of the set backs.
Wind Engineering

 Vortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in

special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the
cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of
the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.
Wind Engineering

 Vortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in

special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the
cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of
the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.
Wind Engineering

 Aeroelasticity “The study of the mutual interaction that takes

place within the triangle of the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic
forces acting on structural members exposed to an airstream, and
the influence of this study on design.” simply, it is the same set of
conditions causing a flag to flutter, or a reed to tremble in fast-
flowing water.
Wind Engineering

 Aeroelasticity
Wind Engineering
Wind Engineering

 These are wind tunnel results for a 400ft building compared to

ASCE loads, the wind tunnel loads are less than the code loads
for the majority of the building. The wind tunnel method has also
improved design safety by identifying higher loading for the
structure.
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 The creep and shrinkage prediction approach is based on the

Gardner–Lockman GL2000 (Gardner, 2004) model with additional
equations to incorporate the effects of reinforcement and complex
loading history.
 15 separate three-dimensional finite-element analysis models,
each representing a discrete time during construction
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 Long-term creep and shrinkage testing, over one year in duration,

have been performed by the CTL Group, under contract with
Samsung, on concrete specimens to better understand the actual
behavior of the concrete utilized for the project.
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 Design Considerations:
 Vertical Members were sized such that the self-weight gravity
stress on the perimeter columns matched the stress on the
interior corridor walls.
 Since the shrinkage in concrete occurs more quickly in thinner
walls or columns, the perimeter column thickness of 600 mm
(24 in.) matched the typical corridor wall thickness
 The five sets of outriggers, distributed up the building, tie all
the vertical members
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 Compensation methodology:

For horizontal compensation, the building is being re-

centered with each successive center hex core jump. The re-
centering compensation will correct for all gravity-induced side-
sway effects (elastic, differential foundation settlement, creep, and
shrinkage) which occur up to the casting of each story.

For vertical compensation, each story is being constructed

incorporating a modest increase in the typical floor-to-floor height.
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 Concrete creeps and shrinks, so the rebar must attract additional

compressive stress
Long Term and Construction Sequence
Analysis

 Gravity-induced horizontal side-sway is extremely sensitive

to the following:

• Differential foundation settlements

• Construction sequence
• Differential gravity loading
• Variations in the concrete material properties
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence- Cranes and Concrete
Placement Booms
Construction Sequence- Cranes
Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling
Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling
Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping
Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping
Construction Sequence- Surveying and
Monitoring

 Lower levels (classical)

 Higher Levels (GPS)

Construction Sequence- Surveying and
Monitoring
Construction Sequence- Surveying and
Monitoring
Diagram

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 Ahmed Osama Khattab
Mohamed Hatem Shams
Mohamed Yosry Mohamed

www.themegallery.com