A COMPLETE WEATHER

FORECASTING SUITE ON PARAM

10000

Presented by-
Sukanta pal
Rgdn. No-0701106280
branch-IT

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Agenda
 Introduction.
 Need for Weather Forecasting.
 PARAM 10000.
 Design Approach.
 Numerical algorithm.
 The Weather Forecasting Capabilities.
 Accuracy Issue And Fault Tolerance
 Conclusion.
 References

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INTRODUCTION
 What is weather forecasting?
Prediction of atmospheric state for a given time and location

 Why to forecast?
 Air traffic
 Agriculture
 Marine
 Private sector
 Forestry
 Military application

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Methods of weather forecast

Synoptic
Statistical
Numerical

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Numerical Forecasting
 Computer simulation of atmospheric condition.
 It includes
i. Data collection
ii.  Data assimilation and analysis
iii.  Numerical weather prediction
iv.  Model output post processing

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PARAM 10000

 PARAM is a series of supercomputers developed by CDAC.

 It is India’s first Teraflop Supercomputer.
  The major applications of PARAM 10000 includes
1. long-range weather forecasting
2. remote sensing
3. drug design and
4. molecular modelling.

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Design approach

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 Based on cluster models of SMPs
 Has 1gb of RAM per node.
 Message passing communication software like MPI and PVM.

 Low latency, high bandwidth supported communication software

KSHIPRA.

 Lightweight communication protocols on the PARAMNET

and MYRINET

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Numerical Algorithm
 Derived from conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy.
 Two conditions .
 If it is a linear quantity, then the representations are straight
forward.
 If it is a non-linear term, spectral transform methods have to be used.
The computations for spectral algorithms consists of following steps

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u    u  z  p  
M m
m m
j , Zk n k j
n
n  | m|

u  l ,  j , z k    
M

 u
n M
 j , z k e iml

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u m
 j , zk  
1

k 2 1
l 0
u  l ,  j , z k e iml
k2

 zk    j 1   j u   j , zk  pn   j 
k1 m
m m
u n

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Weather Forecasting
capabilities
1. Parallelisation Strategy

 Involves of Identification of code and subsequent compute intensive

parts and their data dependencies
 Latitude is taken as the most obvious and clear independent data for
computation work in this algorithm.
 Major computation is done through the use of Fourier and Legendre
transform.

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  A pair of latitudes is placed on one processor

 Each processor computes Fourier coefficients using the inverse

Legendre transform and the gaussian grid point values using the inverse
Fourier transform

 Partial sum of the Legendre transform is performed on each

processor for given latitudes.

 Then these sums are circulated among all the processors to have
global sum on each of the processor

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2 Implementation

 CRAY assembly language was replaced by the Temperton's Fortran

algorithm.
 The important components of this code are the
I. I/O, the forecast loop(GLOOPA), the radiation loop (GLOOPR) which is
called once in twelve hours.
II. Physics loop (GLOOPB), FFT and Legendre transform. GLOOPA and
GLOOPB .
 The data distribution of parallel T80 is along the latitudes distributed
over the processors. This is a master-workers model

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Accuracy Issue
 Performance strongly linked to the architectural features like clock
speed, main memory bandwidth.

 Message sending proportional to message length but independent of

node location and network traffic.

 Four cpus in a single node responsible for low latency of message

passing between the processors.

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Fault Tolerance
 Independent Processing can be run independentently using an
interface.

 Fault tolerance save re-running of the codes from system failures.

 System failure recovered by restarting JCL.

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Conclusion
 Parallel Climate models T2l/T42 and Forecast models T80/T126
have been developed.

 Achieve fault tolerance and accuracy.

 Access to greater number of cpus thereby enhancing scalability.

 Give better performances than before.

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References
 http://www.iitr.ac.in/centers/CC/pages/Resources+Pa
ram_1000.html
 http://www.cdac.in/html/press/3q09/spot687.aspx
 http://pune.cdac.in/html/secg/cas.aspx
 http://pune.cdac.in/html/npsf/npsfidx.aspx
 http://pune.cdac.in/html/npsf/param10k/benchmp.as
px
 http://www.buyya.com/papers/cdacrep.txt
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_direct_memory
_access

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THANK YOU

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