ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

PROGRESSION

INTEGRATION LINEAR LAW

 PROGRESSION

ARITHMETHIC
PROGRESSION
(A.P.)

PROGRESSIONS
CAN DIVIDED
INTO 2

GEOMETRIC
PROGRESSION
(G.P.)
 ARITHMETHIC PROGRESSION
1 An arithmetic progression is a number sequence where
the difference between each term after the first term
and the preceding term is a constant. This constant is
know as the common difference,(d).
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2 The Ôth term=
of an arithmetic progression is given

by:
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ë the sum of the first
term, s
=  an arithmetic
progression is given by:
S
= Ô 0
 
or
2
S
= Ô  =
2
Where
the first term   =

common difference
 = the last term
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 The Ôth term formule


 
=
the first term   =

common difference.

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 ë





  


Tn + 1-Tn, where
Tn+1= (n ʹ 1)th term and
Tn = nth term.

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 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
1 A geometric progression is a number sequence where each
term after the first term is obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a constant know as the R


 , 

 Ô  =
Ô
 Ô   
Ô 


 Ô Ô

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2 The Ôth term=
of an geometric progression is given
by:

n-1
Tn = ar ,

  =


ë the sum of the first
term, s
=an arithmetic
progression is given by:
n
S
  =
 
n
S
 
 
 LINEAR LAW

LINEAR LAW CAN

DIVIDED INTO 2 SUB
TOPICT

APPLICATION OF
LINE OF BEST FIT LINERA LAW TO NON-
LINEAR FUNTIONS
 LINE OF BEST FIT
1 The line of fit is a straight line that has the following properties:
è Passes through as many point as possible
è The number of point that do not lie on the straight line draw should
be more or less the same o n both sides of the straight line.

For example: y

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2 y = mx +c is a equation. When y is plot
against x a straight line is obtained, where m is
the gradient and the c is the y-intercept.
y y = mx + c

x
o
APPLICATION OF LINERA LAW TO NON-
LINEAR FUNTIONS
1 A non-linear funtion is a funtion that has one
or more variable, x or y, which are not in the
first degree. For example
y = mx + c
2 A non-linear funtion that consists of variable,
x and y, (a curve line graph) can be reduce to
the linear form
 b
y = ax

EXAMPLE

x ë 2
y = pq y = ax+bx
 b
y = ax
log y = jlog x + log 
Where ,
Y = log y,
X = log x,
m = j,
C = log 
 x
y = pq
log y =  x + log 

Where ,
Y = log y,
X = x,
m = ,
C = log 
 ë 2
y = ax+bx
y = j
2
x
Where ,
Y=y
x2
X=x
m=a
c=b
 INTEGRATION
1 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
2 If
  



For example,

4 ë
y=x+c
 
4

 INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNTION
(INDIFINITE INTEGRAL)

(a) ю a dx=ax+c,where a and c are constant.

(b) ю xn dx= xn+1 + c ,where c is a constant, n is an integer and n=-1

n+1
n n+1
(c) ю ax dx = ax +c , where a and c are constants, n is an integer and
n+1
n = -1