Module 10:

Understanding
Quality of Service

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 Agenda

• What Is QoS?
• QoS Building Blocks
• QoS in Action

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-2

 What Is Quality of Service (QoS)?

The ability of the network to

provide better or “special” service
to users/applications.

Data, Video, Voice

Consistent Predictable
Performance
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-3
 What Is Quality of Service (QoS)?
Desktop
Conferencing,
Distance
Learning
• Classification
Mission-Critical
Applications • Policing

E-Mail • Shaping
File • Congestion
Transfer
avoidance
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-4
 What Is Driving the Need
for QoS?

Mission-Critical Apps
Voice
Video
None
Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Source: Forrester, August 1998, Fortune 1000

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-5
 What Are Mission-Critical
Applications?
• Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) applications
– Order entry
– Finance
– Manufacturing
– Human resources
– Supply-chain management
– Sales-force automation
• What else is mission critical?
– SNA applications
– Selected physical ports
– Selected hosts/clients
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-6
 QoS Benefits

• Control network resources

• Improve cost efficiency
– Increase WAN efficiency
– Minimize administrative overhead
• Create a “business-enabling”
technology foundation
• Combine mission-critical,
voice, and video applications
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-7
 Where Is QoS Important?

No
16%
No
Yes 44%
Yes 56%
84%

WAN LAN

Source: Forrester, August 1998, Fortune 1000

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-8

 LAN QoS Requirements
Are Emerging
• QoS is beneficial when there is link congestion
and for buffer management
– Points of substantial speed mismatch and
points of aggregation are congestion
candidates
– Prerequisite to multimedia deployment is the
need to prioritize mission-critical applications
– Buffering reduces loss but delay-sensitive
application could be negatively impacted
• Such as Ethernet transmit queue:
164K at 10 Mbps --> 128-ms delay

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-9

 QoS Example
Sales Product
Manager Manager

Public Campus
Remote Frame Relay Backbone
Campus

Training
Servers
Network Resources
Who Quality of Service When
Order Entry,
ERP High 365 x 24 x 7 Finance,
Manufacturing
Video < 100 KB M–F, 9–5
VoIP < 150 ms M–F, 9–5
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-10
 QoS Building Blocks

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

 Quality of Service Building Blocks

• Policing
• Classification – Committed Access Rate (CAR)
– IP Precedence – Class-Based Weighted Fair
– Committed Access Rate (CAR) Queuing (CB WFQ)
– Diff-Serv Code Point (DSCP) – Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)
– IP-to-ATM Class of Service
– Network-Based Application
• Shaping
Recognition (NBAR) – Generic Traffic Shaping (GTS)
– Resource Reservation Protocol – Distributed Traffic Shaping (DTS)
(RSVP) – Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
(FRTS)
• Congestion Avoidance
– Weighted Random Early Detection
(WRED)
– Flow-Based WRED (Flow RED)

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-12

 Congestion Management—
Fancy Queuing
• Weighted Fair Queuing
– Automatically allocates bandwidth “fairly”
Session 1Session 2Session 3 Session 4
SQLnet SNA

FTP HTTP

Other queuing options include FIFO,

priority queuing, and custom queuing
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-13
 Random Early Detection (RED)

• RED reduces long-term

average queue
• Packet drops
Transmit
are randomized Buffer
Queue
throughout
queue depth
• Drop rate is
increased as queue
depth is increased

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-14

 Weighted RED

• WRED addresses:
– In the event packets
need to be dropped,
Queue
what class of
packets should
be dropped

Packets classified Packets classified

as blue start dropping as gold are dropped
at a 50% queue depth. at 90% queue depth.
Drop rate is increased as
queue depth is increased.

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-15

 QoS Signalling:
Resource Reservation Protocol
Reserve
1-Mbps BW
This app needs
on this
1-Mbps BW and
network
200-ms delay
Reserve
I need 1-Mbps
1-Mbps BW
BW and
on this line
200-ms delay

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-17

 Example: No Quality of Service

Jittery

Video
Client
Server

• No quality of service
• Resources consumed
by other applications
• Unmanaged traffic
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-18
 Example: With Quality of Service—
RSVP

This app. needs Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve I need 1-Mbps

1-Mbps BW and 1-Mbps BW 1-Mbps BW
on this line
1-Mbps BW
on this line
1-Mbps BW
on this line
BW and
200- ms delay
Clear!
200-ms delay on this line

Video
Server Client

• Reserves bandwidth end-to-end

• Guarantees delay-sensitive applications
• Must be supported on clients, servers,
and routers
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-19
 End-to-End QoS
FR or ATM RSVP For
Services End-End Reservation

Traffic Shaping
Intranet Traffic Shaping

802.1p:
Traffic Filtering Leased Line
for Switching
Policy Routing
Smart
Queuing

Mainframe Link Fragmentation

and Interleaving

Remote Site
Campus Network
CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-20
 Where to Apply QoS Features

Access Aggregation Backbone

Switch Router Router
Fast Fast QoS
Ethernet Ethernet OC-3
Core

QoS
QoSIngress
Ingress QoS
QoSWAN
WANEdge
Edge QoS
QoSCore
Core
•• Classification
Classification •• Admission
Admission •• Congestion
Congestion
Control
Control Avoidance
Avoidance
Classification
Classification •• Congestion
Congestion
•• Congestion
Congestion Management
Management
Avoidance
Avoidance
•• Congestion
Congestion
Management
Management

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-21

 QoS in Action

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

 Example 1: Prioritization
of IP Telephony

Set Telephony = High Si

TOS = 5
Set Game = Low
TOS = 2

For TOS = 5
Threshold = 4
High Priority Queue
(70% Transmit Ratio,
Low Delay)
For TOS = 2
Threshold = 2
Low Priority Queue Si
(30% Transmit Ratio,
High Delay)

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-23

 Example 2: ERP Application
Untrusted
Client QOS Ingress QOS Core

Reclassify Schedule
TCP, L4-Port = 1521 According
Set TOS = 5 to TOS = 5 Database 10.1.2.1
Drop Threshold=Low

Database 10.1.2.2
Access Backbone Server Farm
SQL Client
Switch Switch Switch
SQL Listener
Server Farm

Reclassify IF:
L4-Port = 1521
Schedule IP-SA/DA = 10.1.2.1
According to IP-SA/DA = 10.1.2.2
TOS = 5 Set TOS = 5

QOS Core QOS Ingress Client

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-24

 Summary

• QoS provides guaranteed availability

– Prioritization of mission-critical versus
noncritical applications
– Interactive and time-sensitive applications
– Voice, video, and data integration
• Key QoS building blocks
– classification
– policing
– shaping
– congestion avoidance

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—QoS www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10-25

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