ZigBee

■ Agenda
➨ Intro
➨ Market
➠Applications
➠Requirements
➨ Standardization
➨ Technical
➠Specification
➠Software stack
➠Integration

For NEC Internal Use Only

 ZigBee

A very low cost, low power

consumption two-way, wireless
communications standard for
automation, toys, & PC peripherals

For NEC Internal Use Only

MARKET

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Mission:

To bring about the existence of a broad range of

interoperable consumer devices by establishing
open industry specifications for unlicensed,
untethered peripheral, control and entertainment
devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest
power consumption communications between
compliant devices anywhere in and around the
home.

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Need for ZigBee

■ Low Power consumption

➨ 6 months to 5 years battery life for most applications
■ Low Cost
➨ At least half the cost of Bluetooth solutions
■ High density of nodes per network
➨ 250 nodes per network, multiple co-located networks
■ Data rate requirements
➨ Few bits to 250kbps sufficient
■ Simple protocol, Global Implementation
➨ 2.4GHz
■ Standard in a fragmented market
➨ Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues
➨ Pent up demand due to lack of standard

For NEC Internal Use Only

Objective of ZigBee

■ Interoperable consumer devices

■ Open industry specification
■ Peripheral, control and entertainment
devicesLowest cost and lowest power
consumption
■ Anywhere in and around the home

For NEC Internal Use Only

Traget Market:

■ A multimedia PC with interactive gaming options or a 32"

television equipped with Home Theatre features, Internet
access (e.g. WebTV) or a video gaming console (e.g. Sega,
Nintendo, Sony). These residents potentially have the need
for advanced HID and toy solutions that could enhance their
living or entertainment experiences.

■ Low cost solutions for interconnectivity between toys, such

as, TomoguchisExisting homes with installed security, home
automation or HVAC systems, and new homes with plans for
these systems.

■ The Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) market may also find

use for ZigBee products for controlling multimedia
presentations, conference rooms, training rooms and
automation or control functions.

For NEC Internal Use Only

Must have features:

■ Saftey meets Government regulations:

➨ As safe as coordless phone
■ Unlicensed Band
■ Low Cost BOM
■ Reliability
➨ Throughput degrades gracefully
■ Ease of Use…
■ Ability to add/remove new devices
➨ Register once…authenticate each time
■ Global market
■ Minimum battery life 6months/2 years

For NEC Internal Use Only

Network Clusters will grow in the
Home
Pre 2001 Model

TV
VCR
SATELLITE
AV Net Audio System
TERRESTRIAL STB
CABLE
Camcorder...
MODEM
OWN CONTENT PC
PC Net
Printer
xDSL Scanner...
Phone
PHONE Tel Net Fax...
Environmental
Security
H.Auto Net Medical
Domestic app…

For NEC Internal Use Only

Network Clusters will
Interconnect/inter-operate in
Home and Away

2001 Model and beyond

TV
VCR
Entertainment Audio System
SATELLITE
STB
TERRESTRIAL Camcorder...
PC
GATEWAY

CABLE Productivity Printer

xDSL Scanner...
Phone
PHONE Fax
H.Auto Net Environmental
BB Wireless Security
Medical
Domestic app…
For NEC Internal Use Only
 BOM/Node Price Development
based on Dataquest, Instat and BMA Communications

$
250 New technologies will lead to a sharp
200 demand decrease in cost for the different
applications
150
Sharp demand decrease leads on the other
100 hand to step increase in customer demand
50 For 2000/1,
0 <300kps; BOM < $6.00
<22Mbps; BOM < $20-30
02
98

99

00

01

03

04

>22Mbps; BOM < $60-70

19

20

20

20
19

20

20

<100kbps <300kbps For 2003/4,

<2Mbps <22Mbps <300kps; BOM < $2.50
>22Mbps
<22Mbps; BOM < $8-18
>22Mbps; BOM < $20-35

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Size – Low Data Rate (No
BT)

Low Data Rate Market

600
500
Million units

400
300 Others
200 Industrial Applications

100 Home Environment

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years

Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Segmentation 2000 - 2004

Segment Market Share 2002

•Industrial Applications will drive initial
market
0%
•Home Environment will become
48%
Home Important
Industrial
52%
Others • Over time, there will be varied
Applications (Other)

Segment Market Share 2005

18%
Home
13%
Industrial
Others
69%

For NEC Internal Use Only

Wireless connectivity outlook:

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook
Cellular technologies

Range
Meters
GSM GPRS
10,000

Ricochet

1,000 WLAN technologies

HomeRF
OpenAir
100
802.11b 802.11g

ZigBee
Bluetooth
PAN technologies
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook

Range
Meters GSM GPRS EDGE

10,000

Ricochet

1,000

HomeRF 802.11b
OpenAir

100

Hiper
LAN/1
ZigBee
Bluetooth
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook

Range
Meters GSM GPRS EDGE 3G

10,000

Ricochet

1,000

HomeRF 802.11a
OpenAir
100 ZigBee

Hiper
LAN/2
Bluetooth 2.0

Bluetooth
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Industry Outlook

ZigBee ratified ZigBee

RF-Lite Products on
(802.15.4)
(ZigBee) the market
SIG created

802.11b First 802.11a 802.11a

standard products on 802.11g standard
ratified the market standard ratified 2002/03
ratified
BT special 1 BT devices
st
BT 2.0 standard
interest group on market, BT rolled out
becomes public, 1.1 standard
and BT 1.0 initial rolled out
specs released

HiperLAN 2
HiperLAN 2 will
standard
premier
ratified in 2000

HiperLAN 1
HiperLAN 1
products on the
ratified in 1996
market

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

For NEC Internal Use Only
Target Applications 1

■ Desktop PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home Theatre

TV)
➨ Computer peripherals;
➨ HID devices
■ Video conference equipment
➨ Remote control
■ Video gaming equipment
➨ Multi-player PC & video games
➨ Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
■ Remote controls for audio and video equipment
■ PC Enhanced & stand alone toys
➨ In-room coverage
➨ Home+yard coverage

For NEC Internal Use Only

Target Applications 2

■ Home appliances/general consumer electronic devices

➨ Existing home security systems, electrical & heating systems
➨ Wireless door and opening monitoring, system control
➨ Wireless Keypads
➨ Smoke and flame detectors
➨ Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home;
➠ Blinds/Shades
➠ Pool/Spa equipment
➠ Garage door openers
➨ Voice Control
■ New device categories that have not yet been developed,
such as news tablets, and keyboards with built-in displays

For NEC Internal Use Only

Device Examples:

■ HID devices
■ Video gaming equipment;
■ Multi-player PC & video games
■ Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
■ Remote controls for audio and video equipment
■ Glass breakage monitoring (sensors);
■ Wireless Keypads;
■ Child Monitor;
■ Smoke and flame detectors;
■ Fire Pull stations;
■ Personal transponders;
■ Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home;
■ Fireplaces
■ Pool/Spa equipment
■ Garage door openers

For NEC Internal Use Only

Target Market summary:
· TV
· VCR
· Monitors
· DVD
· Sensors Industrial & Consumer · CD
· Automation
Commercial Electronics · Remote
· Control

PC
Peripherals
· Mouse

Personal Low Data Rate · Keyboard

Healthcare Radio Devices · Joystick

· Gamepad

• Monitors
• Diagnostics
• Sensors • Security
• PETs Home
Toys • HVAC
• Gameboys Automation • Lighting
& • Educational • Closures
Games

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Requirements

■ Global licence free ISM band operation

■ Unrestricted geographic use

■ RF penetration through walls & ceilings

■ Automatic/semi-automatic installation

■ Ability to add or remove devices

■ Possible voice support

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Requirements, cont...

■ 10k-115.2kbps data throughput

■ 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)
■ Support for 32-255 nodes
■ Support for 4 critical devices
■ 4-100 co-located networks
■ 0.5-2 year battery life
■ Up to 5ms-1 permitted mobility
■ Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2003!

For NEC Internal Use Only

Applications:

■ Human Input Devices (HID)

➨ Keyboard
➨ Mouse / Pointing Device
➨ Remote Controls (controls for audio & video equipment)
➨ Gaming Device

For NEC Internal Use Only

Applications:

■ Home Automation and Control

➨ Automation Devices
➨ Control Devices
■ Home Security
■ Interactive Toys

For NEC Internal Use Only

Success Factors

■ Low cost
■ Data type support
■ Ease of installation
■ Reliable data transfer
■ Short range operation
■ Reasonable battery life
■ Unlicensed band
■ Unrestricted geographical use
■ Global implementation
■ Governmental regulations

For NEC Internal Use Only

STANDARDIZATION

For NEC Internal Use Only

History

■ Low-rate solution for HomeRF, January 1998

■ Initial MRD, October 1998

■ Initial RSI/TRD, October 1999

■ Proposals submitted, July 2000

■ Initial specification, v0.2, September 2000

■ Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4, March 2001

■ Proposal accepted by IEEE, July 2001

For NEC Internal Use Only

HomeRF-Lite -> Firefly -> RF-Lite
-> ZigBee

■Description
➨Low data rate (<250kbps), very low cost (BOM<$6.00)
consumer market
➨Replaces wired solutions that require low data rates
➨Replaces IrDA links with a low cost wireless network
➨Simple MAC protocol: master-slave or virtual point-to-
point applications, reduces system compexity
➨Applications: peripherals to PC, temperature control,
home security, toys, etc.

For NEC Internal Use Only

Some Participants
(22 Companies in total)

For NEC Internal Use Only

Technical:

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Protocol Features

■ Master/slave topology

■ Automatic network configuration

■ Dynamic slave device addressing

■ Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)

■ Full handshaking for packet transfers

■ Power management features

■ Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes

For NEC Internal Use Only

Protocol Features Cont...

■ CSMA-CA channel access mechanism

■ 28kbps (Optional) & 200kbps (actual) data

throughput

■ Service discovery

■ Low impact internet capability

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Protocol Stack

Customer
Application

Application Interface

Network Layer

ZigBee Alliance
Data Link Layer

MAC Layer

IEEE
MAC Layer

PHY Layer

ZigBee
Silicon Application
Stack

For NEC Internal Use Only

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

User Interface

l a Cv
t es dae H
Fax
ssel dr o C

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dr a Cv
Service
ll a C puor G
mocr et nI

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pu-l ai D
Discovery

gni kr o wt e N
Telephony OBEX Protocol
Control
Protocol RFCOMM
(Serial Port)
HOST
eci o V

L2CAP
Host Control Interface
Link Manager
Link Controller
MODULE
Baseband
RF
Bluetooth
Silicon Applications
Stack
For NEC Internal Use Only
Direct Sequence

■ Spread spectrum regulations allow higher transmit power

➨ Longer range
➨ Transmit power: -4 - +20dBm

■ Direct sequence
➨ Faster acquisition than frequency hopping
➨ Complexity in digital domain (cheaper)

■ Spread using length 11 bit Barker sequence

➨ Optimal autocorrelation properties
➨ Short sequence gives fast acquisition
➨ Used in IEEE802.11

For NEC Internal Use Only

Raw Bit Rates

■ 250kbps

■ 28kbps low bit rate option :

➨ Trade data rate for extra range via coding
➨ Over air bit rate remains 200kbps
➨ Longer preamble and SOP
➠reliable synchronisation at low SNR

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Range Estimation

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm

250kbps
13 29 66
28kbps
23 54 134

Approx. x2

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model

For NEC Internal Use Only
Network Topology

Network coordinator

Network node

IEEE node

Communications flow

Virtual links

For NEC Internal Use Only

Other Network Forms

Network coordinator
Ad-hoc network
Network node

Gateway

Communications flow

Gateway enabled network

For NEC Internal Use Only
Supported Traffic Types

■ Periodic data
➨ Application defined rate

■ Intermittent
➨ Basic communication

■ Repetitive low latency data

➨ Allocation of guaranteed time slots

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Network Coordinator

■ Transmits network beacons

■ Sets up a network

■ Manages network nodes

■ Stores network node information

■ Routes messages between paired nodes

■ Receives constantly

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Network Node

■ Is generally battery powered

■ Searches for available networks

■ Transfers data from its application as necessary

■ Determines whether data is pending

■ Requests data from the network coordinator

■ Can sleep for extended periods

For NEC Internal Use Only

Stack System Requirements

■ 8-bit µ C, e.g. 80c51

■ Full protocol stack <32k

■ Simple node only stack ~4k

■ Coordinators require extra RAM

➨ node device database
➨ transaction table
➨ pairing table

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Chip Set Solution
Low Data Rate, DSSS @ 2,4GHz

Receive Data
Single Chip Micro +
DSSS MAC+
Radio + RAM/ROM
PA
Modem
Transmit Data

Baseband
Radio

For NEC Internal Use Only

Feature Set RF Front-End IC

■ Single chip direct conversion transceiver for ZigBee

applications in the 2.4GHz ISM band
■ DSSS 2.2Mchips/sec
■ Integrated antenna filter, LNA, VCO, synthesizer, PLL,
preamplifier
■ 3-wire control bus interface
■ Direct conversion architecture from 2.45 GHz RF directly
base band
■ Battery powered design (min. VCC=1.8V)
■ Output power –4 to +20dBm (0dBm typical)
■ Digitally controlled RX gain control for DSSS
■ No off-chip components (LNA, Pre PA, VCO, Synthesizer)

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Base Band & MAC

■ Single chip Modem and MAC

■ 80C51 (or equivalent) 8-bit low power micro controller
core
■ Interfaces:
➨ Full duplex UART for communication with host processor or other
devices
➨ 2 3 wire buses for host and RF Front-end communication
➨ Master/slave I2C
➨ 2 analog inputs
■ Minimum external components for low BOM
■ CMOS 0.18 or other low cost similar capablity process

For NEC Internal Use Only

Low Data Rate Roadmap

One Chip Radio+BB

Low Cost
Single Chip Solutions

One Chip Radio+BB

Slave Device

One Chip Radio+ BB

RF CMOS

Two Chip Solutions

BB
Slave Device
Single Chip DSSS Cost reduced
Radio + Modem

Base Band
Microprocessor+ Slave Device
Housekeeping+MAC

2002 2003 2004 2005

For NEC Internal Use Only
Protocol Features

■ Master/slave topology
■ Automatic network configuration
■ Dynamic slave device addressing
■ Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)
■ Full handshaking for packet transfers
■ Power management features
■ Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes

For NEC Internal Use Only

Protocol Features Cont...

■ CSMA-CA channel access mechanism

■ 15ms frame structure
■ TDMA slots can be allocated
■ 28kbps & 250kbps data throughput
■ Service discovery
■ Low impact internet capability

For NEC Internal Use Only

Frequency Bands
2400.0 2446.5 2475.0 2483.5

■ 2.4GHz ISM band USA

➨ Channel spacing: 4MHz
➨ F = 2404 + 4k MHz with k
Europe
= 0, 1, …, 25
➨ Common band:
Spain*
➠ USA, Europe including
France and Spain
➠ 2446.5 – 2475.0 MHZ France*

➠ k = 15, …, 22; equals 8

channels Japan*

■ 915MHz ISM band USA only

■ 868MHz Europe Common

* Harmonization with FCC in progress

For NEC Internal Use Only

Raw Bit Rates

■ 250kbps

■ 28kbps low bit rate option:

➨ Trade data rate for extra range via coding
➨ Over air bit rate remains 250kbps
➨ Longer preamble and SOP
➠reliable synchronisation at low SNR

For NEC Internal Use Only

 Range Estimation (meters)

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm

250kbps
13 29 66
28kbps
23 54 134

Approx. x2

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model

For NEC Internal Use Only
Summary

Solution that effectively addresses the

needs of the target market place with:
■ Low data rate (<250Kbps)
■ Low cost (~ BT/2)
■ Very low power (6 months - 2 years on 2
AA batteries.)
■ Network Solution

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee vs. Bluetooth

For NEC Internal Use Only

Bluetooth Network Topology
Pico-net
• 1 master:
• 7 active slaves A
• 200+ parked slaves P
M M
• Each network has a unique
hopping pattern / ID P
P

A
P
P A A

■ Radio Design
➨ All radios are symmetric (can be master or slave) Scatternet
• Multiple pico-nets co-located
• Device can be on multiple pico-nets
(Performance tradeoff)

For NEC Internal Use Only

Networking

ZigBee:
• Large master-slave networks, with fast access
• Slave - initiated communication, (minimises slave energy requirements)
• Virtual peer-peer device pairing links

Bluetooth:
• Dynamic ad-hoc transient Pico-nets
• Dynamic master role negotiation
• Extensive profiles to ensure compatibility
• Active / Park modes

For NEC Internal Use Only

Typical Applications

ZigBee:
• Static networks between low cost devices
• Sensors
• Automation and control
• Data exchange

Bluetooth:
• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices
• Handsfree audio
• Screen graphics, pictures…
• File transfer

For NEC Internal Use Only

Air Interface

ZigBee - Control Applications

Bluetooth - Audio

ZigBee:
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• 250kb/s
• Optimised for short packets
• CSMA channel access
• TDMA slots can be allocated for critical devices

Bluetooth:
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(1600 hop/s)
• 720kb/s (for voice, audio and bulk data)
• Poll - reply channel access
• Very low latency frame structure (<1ms)

For NEC Internal Use Only

Power Considerations

ZigBee:
• 2+ years from ‘normal’ batteries
• Designed to optimise slave power requirements

Bluetooth:
• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)
• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality

For NEC Internal Use Only

Timing Considerations

ZigBee:
• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically
• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically

Bluetooth:
• New slave enumeration = >3s
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically
• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically

For NEC Internal Use Only

Error / Security Considerations

ZigBee:
• Error detection / re-transmissions
• Fully handshaked protocol
• Application level security

Bluetooth:
• Forward error correction
• 0, 40 & 64-bit encryption

For NEC Internal Use Only

Cost Standpoint

ZigBee:
• Minimum slave cost
• Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host platform
• System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-application
realisation

Bluetooth:
• Low added cost connectivity
• Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7…)
• 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f. specifications

For NEC Internal Use Only

Solution Prices

Two different solutions optimised for different

applications…...

ZigBee:
• Price 2002 - $6
• Price 2003 - $1.5-2.5

Bluetooth:
• Price Now - $25
• Price 2003 - $5

For NEC Internal Use Only