Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OPTICS AND
ELECTROMAGNETICS
WAVE
¤ REFLECTION OF LIGHT
¤ REFRACTION OF LIGHT
¤ OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
¤ ELECTROMAGNETICS WAVE
1. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The laws of reflection (Snellius Laws):
incident rays, the reflection rays and the normal line are on
the one flat plane.
incident angle (i) = reflection angle (r)
N
i
i r
i
r
A. REFLECTON IN THE FLAT MIRROR
Exercise 1:
Look at the picture of the light strikes mirror I.
Find the reflection angle of the light on mirror II !
a) b)
600
I II
0
0
400 12
II I
Exercise 2:
1. A man of 180 cm tall, stand up in front of a flat mirror.
The distance of his eyes to the end of the head is 10 cm.
Find the minimum length of the mirror so the man can
see all of his images completely.
B. REFLECTION IN SPHERICAL /CURVATURE MIRRORS
1. Reflection in concave mirrors.
a. Special light principals of a concave mirror
To draw the images formation of a concave mirror, we can use special light principals as follows :
1. Light rays parallel to the principles axis will be reflected through the focus.
2. Light rays passing through the focus, will be reflected parallel to the principles axis.
3. Light rays arriving at the centre of the mirror will be reflected back in the direction from which
they came.
3
1
O F C
Prinsip menggambarkan pembentukan bayangan:
1. Gunakan minimal 2 sinar istimewa
2. sinar datang harus mengenai ujung atas benda
3. Letak bayangan diperpotongan langsung sinar-sinar
pantul (nyata) atau perpotongan perpanjangan ke
belakang sinar-sinar pantul (maya)
b. Image formation in Concave Mirrors
1. The object between O and F
C F O
The properties of the images are :Virtual, Upright, and Magnified (larger)
2. The object between F and C
C F O
C F O
d. The object on C point
C F O
e. The object on F point
C F O
Kesimpulan:
F C
3
F C
3 C 2 F 1 O 4
4 O 1 F 2 C 3
S = Object distance
s’(-) → if the image is virtual/ upright/behind the mirror
S’ = Image distance
s’(+)→if the image is real/ inverted/front of the mirror
h = Object height
h’= Image height
M = Image Magnification
Exercise 3:
1. The focus of a concave mirror 15 cm. Find the location of
the image, the magnify and image properties of an object
which is put in front of the mirror as follows :
a. 20 cm b. 10 cm c. 50cm
2. A concave mirror has a radius of 18 cm, what is the
distance of the object in front of the mirror if the
properties of the image :
a. Real and magnified 1/3 times
b. Virtual and magnified 3 times
3. A concave mirror has a focus 30 cm. Find the position of
object if the image that formed is upright at 10 cm from
the mirror.
4. Where should an object to be part in front of a concave
mirror with radius at 12 cm so the image will be magnified
2 times to the object
Exercise 4:
air i r’
i=0
i=0
water r’ i
1 2 3
A. Index of Refraction
1. The absolute index of refraction
“ the ratio between light speed in the vacuum (c) and the
speed of light in that medium (v)”
c
n
v
n=The absolute Index of refraction of medium
v= Speed of light in medium
c= Speed of light in vacuum/air = 3 x 108 m/s
v1
λ1 n1
2. The relative Index of refraction i
n 2 v1 1 Sin (i) r n2
n 21
n1 v 2 2 Sin (r )
v2
λ2
• n21 = The relative Index of refraction from the medium 2 to medium 1
• n1, n2 = The absolute Index of refraction of medium 1, medium 2
• λ1 , λ2= The wave length of light in medium 1, medium 2 (m)
• v1, v2 = Speed of light in medium 1, medium 2 (m/s)
Problems:
1. If the absolute index of refraction of air, water , glass and diamond each is 1,
4/3, 3/2 and 5/2. Find :
a. The relative index of refraction from water to glass
b. The relative index of refraction from diamond to glass.
c. Speed of light in water, glass and diamond (c = 3 x 108m/s)
d. The wave length green light in water, glass and diamond (if the wave length
green light in air is 5000Ao)
e. The green light frequency
f. If a light ray enters from air into water at an angle 45 o. Find an angle of
refraction in water.
2. A path of yellow rays with a wave length of 550 nm strikes into water ( n water= 4/3 ).
Less dense
medium ( n2 )
r= 90
ic
Denser medium
( n1 ) Total light refraction
Lamp
• The critical angle/sudut batas ( ic ): The incidence angle to produce the refraction
angle of 90o.
• Based on Snellius Law the critical angle can be found:
n1 sin i n 2 sin r
n1 sin i c n 2 sin 90 o
n2
sin i c
n1
1
n2
i c sin n 2 < n1
n1
n1 : The refraction index of medium 1
n2 : The refraction index of medium 2
ic : The critical angle
1. If the absolute index of refraction of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2
respectively. Find the critical angle of water and glass.
2. Will the perfect reflection happen if light come from water to air with
incident angle:
a. 35o
b. 60o
Refraction on a Parallel shift
(Dua bidang batas sejajar )
Planparallel glass
i
t
t = the displacement of light
d = the thickness of planparallel glass
d Sin (i – r)
i = angle of incident t =
Cos r
r = angle of refraction
Example problems:
1. Rays enter the glass parallel with incident angle of 600. If the glass thickness
2 cm and refraction index of glass 3/2, count the displacement rays?
REFRACTION ON A SPHERICAL MEDIUM
The position of the image formed
by refraction on a plane with two
different refractive medium can be
found with the formula:
n1 n2 n2 n1
S S' R
EXERCISE 2.
1. A ball aquarium with a radius of 50 cm filled with water ( nwater=
4/3 ). A gold fish is on 40 cm in front of the aquarium wall. Alex
is 30 cm out side of the aquarium wall.
Find:
a. the distance image of the fish from the aquarium wall seen by
Alex.
b. the distance image from the aquarium wall of Alex seen by
fish.
c. the distance of the fish from Alex seen by Alex.
2.There is an object D at the bottom of the pot shown in the figure.
An observer looks in the direction of the normal. How far away
does the observer see the object ( n water= 4/3 ).
1m
D
Jika medium tempat benda indeks biasnya lebih besar
dibandingkan medium tempat pengamat, maka benda
seolah-olah lebih dekat, dan sebaliknya
F(real) ( + )
F(virtual)( - )
2.F2 F2 O F1 2.F1
3
NOTE :
1. Rays parallel to the principal axis pass trough the principal focus after trough
the lens.
2. Rays coming from the principal focus emerge parallel to the principal axis after
refraction trough the lens.
3. Rays passing trough the optical center are not deviated.
(+)
b. Principal Rays for Diverging Lenses
2F1 F1 F2 2F1
2 NOTE :
• Rays parallel to the principal axis are refracted and the
extension of the refracted rays passes trough the focus.
• If rays are incident on the lens in such a way that their
extension pass trough the focus, they are refracted parallel
to the principal ( optical ) axis.
• Rays passing trough the optical center are not deviated.
THE LENSE FORMULA
NOTES :
IV
III II I
1
4 1 2
1 3
1
CONCAVE Lenses
IV
I II III
3
1 1
2 1 4
1
NOTE :
*) I, II, III, IV : OBJECT ROOM number
*) 1, 2, 3, 4 : IMAGE ROOM number
*) Object room Number + image room number = 5
EXERCISE 5. Draw the image formation of an object asin the figure below.
5
EXERCISE 6.
1) An object is 5 cm in front of a lens. The image is 10 cm in front of a
lens. Find the focus lens and kind of the lens.
2) A magnified and inverted image is located at distance of 30 cm from
convex lens with a focus of 10 cm.
Find : a. the object distance.
b. image magnification
3) An object high of 12 cm is placed
at distance of 30 cm from concave lens which has a focus 20 cm.
Find : a. the image distance
b. the image high.
4) An object is in front of a lens, will form an image which is upright.
If a focus lens 24 cm.
Find : a. the distance object and image if image magnification is 0,5 X
b. the distance object and image if image magnification is 4 X
III. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. EYE
*Seeing processes : The optical axis of the lens is directed to the object
seen (third), the image made up by the lens is in the second region real, will
be smaller, inverted and exactly in the yellow spot of the retina.
*The lens of the eye is a convex lens (positive).
*Maximum Accommodation: the conditions of the eye lens becomes
spherical (the focus = small), the eyes can see the shortest distance ( near
point = punctum procximum = PP, for an adult = 25 cm ).
*Minimum Accommodation : the conditions of the eye lens becomes
less spherical the eyes is relax, seeing the far point ( punctum remotum :
PR ), the focus is bigger ).
The Sight Range For Normal eye and Eye Defect
• Normal Eye 25 cm ∞
PP PR
• Myopic Eye PP PR
• Old Eye PP PR
(Presbiopic)
• Hyperopic Eye PP PR
(far sighted)
2. Spectacles / Glasses
To make a better sight, glasses are needed. The Power of
the glasses can be found with the formula below;
A. For the myopic/near sight (need the negative lens
glasses)
• If he wants to have the range sight at certain far point (x)
1
P we count focus (f) from the
f (m) formula:
1 1 1
f s s’
Where:
S= x (the far point after using a glasses)
S’= -PR (the far point before using a glasses)
• If he wants to have a sight range likes the normal eye
-1 -100
P or P
PR (m) PR (cm)
1 100
P 4 P 4
PP.(cm) PP.(cm)
C. The Old Eye/near and far sight (need the
double lenses = the positive and negative
lens glasses)
EXERCISE 7.
1. Ani has a 2D minus glasses. What is Anis’s farthest distance
without glasses ?
2. The Joyo grandpa when read the news paper, the paper
should be placed 50 cm in front of the his eyes. What is the
kind and the size of the glasses to help him so he can read the
news paper as a common people (the Joyo grandpa ).
3. Magnifying Glass/Loupe
1. Consist of 1 positive (+)lens/Converging lens.
2. The object placed in region I (O - F)
3. The image in region IV are virtual, upright, and
magnified/larger.
The conditions of the eyes when using optical
instruments .
1. Maximum Accommodation, so:
Location of objects : S = range O - F
Location of image : S’= - PP = -Sn = - 25 cm
PP
M = +1
f
2. Minimum Accommodation ; so
Location of objects :S = f
Location of image :S’ = ~
PP
M =
f
PP PP
M= +
f X
The rays diagram on Magnifier glass.
a. Max Accommodation
S’ = -PP
h’ (+)
2 F2 F2 F1 2 F1
S
b. Accommodation on the distance X
S’ = - X
h’ (+)
2 F2 F2 F1 2 F1
S
c. Min Accommodation
S’ =~
F1 2 F1
2 F2 F2
S
EXERCISE 1.
1. A magnifier glass has the power of 25 D used by people of
normal eyes Find the angular magnification if the eyes see the
object;
a. a min accommodation (tanpa akomodasi )
b. accommodation on the distance of 1 m. (berakomodasi pada
jarak 1 m).
c. max accommodation (berakomodasi max).
d. Accommodation on the distance of 1 m but the distance
the eye to magnifier glass is 10 cm.
1. A Magnifier glass has a lens with a power of 20 D. An
observer with a near point of 30 cm use the loop. Find the
object distance and the magnification of the if :
a. Max. accommodation.
b. Accommodation on the distance of 20 cm. c.
Min accommodation
4. Microscope
Microscope is an optical instrument to help the eyes to
see small object in order to see bigger and clear
The device consists of 2 positive lenses as fallows :
Objective Lens : close to object .
Ocular Lens/Eyepiece Lens : close to eyes, this
lens has the same function as magnifier glass.
fob < foc
The image that formed by objective lens is: real,
inverted, and larger
The final image that formed by ocular lens is: virtual,
inverted, and larger
The ray diagram of Microscope
a.Min Accommodation
Ob. L.(+) Oc. L. ( + )
Sok
F ok
Fok
Sob
S’ob
d
b. Max Accommodation
d
Ob. L ( + ) Oc. L. ( + )
Sob S’ob
Sok
Fob Fok Fok
S’ok= -PP
Microscope Magnification
Mtotal = Mob x Mok
S’ ob
Where: Mob = S ob
PP
Mok= +1 obtain d = s’ob + sok
fok
2. For Minimum Accommodation
Location of the objects for ocular lens :Sok = fok
Location of the final image :Sok’ = ~
PP
Mok =
fok
obtain d = s’ob + fok
PP PP
Mok =
fok
+ obtain d = s’ob + sok
X
2. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece each of which has focus of 4/3
cm and 2,5 cm. The distance between objective and eyepiece lens is 69/11
cm. Find the total magnification ( max accommodation).
Fok Fob
Fok
S’ok
f ob d = f ob + S ok
M=
S ok
b. Min Accommodation (sok = fok)
L. Obyektive(+) L. Ocular ( + )
Fob
F ok
Fok
f ob
M = d = f ob + f ok
f ok
2. Binoculars earth / Ground telescopes
• Consists of 3 lenses ( + ) : objective lense, thin lense and eyepiece lense.
• The function of the thin lense is to reverse the object on the eyepiece lense.
The conditions of the eyes to use Binocular earth:
a. Maximum Accommodation (s’ok = -PP)
OB (+) OK (+)
I (+)
F ob,
2FP F ok
Fok 2FP
S’ob sok
4 fp
f ob
M =
s ok
d = f ob + 4 f P + s ok
b. Minimum Accommodation (sok = fok)
OK ( + )
OB ( + )
F ob,
FP F ok
F ok ,
FP
Inverter
f ob
M = d( =+ f) ob + 4 f P + f ok
f ok
EXERCISE 3
1. A telescope has an objective lens with the power of 25/18 D and
eyepiece lens of 25 D. The telescope is used for watch an object in the
sky.
Find the length and the magnification of the telescope if :
a. The eye is relaxed
b. Max accommodation.