A ball is thrown from a point O with a velocity of 10 ms–1 at an

angle of  ° to the horizontal.

At time t seconds after projection the ball is at the point (x, y).
a) i) Find expressions in terms of  and t for x and y.

ii) By eliminating t, find the equation of the trajectory of the

ball.
In the case where  = 45°, find:

b) i) the maximum height of the ball above the level of

projection.
ii) the time of the flight.
a) i) Using s = ut + 21 at2  with s = y, u = 10 sinθ and a = –g
gives,
y = 10t sinθ – 4.9t
2
1
Horizontal distance travelled

= horizontal component of velocity × time

= 10 cos × t
x
 x = 10t cos  t= 2
10 cos

a) ii) Substituting into

2 : 1

 x   x2 
y = 10   sin  4.9  
 10cos 
2
  100cos 
0.049 x 2
y  x tan 
cos2 
b) i) Using v2 = u2 + 2as  with u = 10 sin45°, v = 0 and a = –g
gives,
02 = (10 sin45°)2 – 2gs
2gs = 50
s = 2.55 (to 3 s.f.)
Therefore the maximum height above the level of projection reached by the ball is 2.55
m.

b) ii) Using s = ut + 21 at2  with s = 0, u = 10 sin45°, and a = –g

gives, 0 = 10t cos45° – 4.9t2
t(4.9t – 10cos45°) = 0
 t = 0 or t = 1.44 (to 3 s.f.)
Therefore the time of flight is 1.44 seconds.
Question 1: A particle has position vector at time t seconds given by
r = (2t2 – 3t)i + (t3 – t2 + 4)j

a) Find the velocity of the particle at time t.

b) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3.
Question 1: A particle has position vector at time t seconds given by
r = (2t2 – 3t)i + (t3 – t2 + 4)j

a) Find the velocity of the particle at time t.

b) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3.

a) Differentiate to find v:
dr
v=
dt
v = (4t – 3)i + (3t2 – 2t)j
Question 1: A particle has position vector at time t seconds given by
r = (2t2 – 3t)i + (t3 – t2 + 4)j

a) Find the velocity of the particle at time t.

b) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3.

b) Differentiate to find a:
dv
a=
dt
a = 4i + (6t – 2)j

When t = 3: a = 4i + 16j
Question 2: A particle is moving with acceleration a = 3ti – 2j at time t seconds.
Given that at time t = 0 the particle is at 4i + 2j and has velocity i – 4j, find:
a) the velocity of the particle at time t.
b) the position vector of the particle at time t.
c) the distance of the particle from the origin when t = 3.
Question 2: A particle is moving with acceleration a = 3ti – 2j at time t seconds.
Given that at time t = 0 the particle is at 4i + 2j and has velocity i – 4j, find:
a) the velocity of the particle at time t.
b) the position vector of the particle at time t.
c) the distance of the particle from the origin when t = 3.

a) Integrate to find v:
v    3ti  2 j dt
3t 2
v i  2t j  ci  d j
2
When t = 0: v = i – 4j

0 + 0 + ci + dj = i – 4j  c = 1 and d = –4
 3t 2 
 v  1 i   2t  4  j
 2 
   3t 2 

b) Integrate to find r: r     1 i   2t  4  jdt
 2  
 t3 
 
r    t  i  t 2  4t j  ci  d j
2 
When t = 0: r = 4i + 2j

4i + 2j = ci + dj  c = 4 and d = 2

 t3 
 
r    t  4  i  t 2  4t  2 j 
2 
Question 2: A particle is moving with acceleration a = 3ti – 2j at time t seconds.
Given that at time t = 0 the particle is at 4i + 2j and has velocity i – 4j, find
a) the velocity of the particle at time t.
b) the position vector of the particle at time t.
c) the distance of the particle from the origin when t = 3.

 27 
c) When t = 3: r=   3  4  i   9  12  2  j = 20.5i – 19j
 2 
 The distance from the origin = (20.52 + 192)

= 28.0 m (3 s.f.)
A uniform plane lamina is in the shape of a square next to a rectangle. The length of a side
of the square is x cm and the rectangle is x cm by 2x cm.
2
Find the distance of the centre of mass of this lamina from A in terms of x.

x x
2
A x 2x
Area of square = x2
Area of rectangle = x2

The centre of mass of both the square and the rectangle are found by symmetry.

mass x2 x2
x
x 2 2x
x x
y 2 4

x  2x  x 2  2 x 5 x
2
x2  x  x2  x 3 x
x  y 2 4 
2x 2
4 2 x2 8
2 2
 5x   3x  25 x 2 9 x 2 109
Distance          x
 4   8  16 64 8
A uniform rectangular lamina ABCD has a circular hole cut out of it. The rectangle has
length 80 cm and width 40 cm and the radius of the circle is 10 cm.
The centre of the circle is 20 cm from both AB and AD.
Find the centre of mass of this lamina.

B C

40 20

A 80 D
To find the centre of mass of this lamina consider the circle, the rectangle and the given
lamina separately.

Area of rectangle = 3200 cm2

Area of circle = 100 cm2
Area of lamina = 3200 – 100 cm2

The centre of mass of the rectangle is 40 cm from AB and 20 cm from AD.

The centre of mass of the circle is 20 cm from both AB and AD.

circle lamina rectangle

mass 100 3200–100 3200
x 20 x 40
y 20 y 20
Forming an equation for : x
100  20   3200  100  x  3200  40
3200  40  100  20
x = = 42.177 (5 s.f.)
3200  100
Forming an equation for : y
100  20   3200  100  y  3200  20

3200  20  100  20
y  = 20
3200  100
Therefore the centre of mass of the lamina is 42.2 cm from AB and 20 cm from AD.
Examination-style question 1: A car of mass 1000 kg moves along a straight,
horizontal road. The car engine is working at a constant rate of 45 kW and the
total resistance to the motion of the car is 500 N.

a) Find the acceleration of the car when its speed is 15 ms –1.

The car comes to a hill which is inclined at an angle of  to the horizontal, where
sin = 0.1. The resistance to the motion of the car is unchanged.

b) Find the maximum speed of the car up the hill when it is working at a rate
of 45 kW.
a) To calculate the acceleration it is first
necessary to calculate the driving a
force.
500 N 1000 D

Power
Power = Force × Velocity So, Force =
Velocity
45 000
D= = 3000
15
Applying Newton’s Second Law, F = ma
3000 – 500 = 1000a
1000a = 2500
 a = 2.5 Therefore the acceleration of the car when
it is travelling at 15 ms–1 is 2.5 ms–2.
b) Before calculating the maximum
R
speed of the car it is first necessary
D
to calculate the driving force.
500 N
 1000g

Applying Newton’s Second Law up the slope,

D – 500 – 1000gsin = 0
D = 500 + 1000g × 0.1 = 1480

The driving force of the car is 1480 N.

Power = Force × Velocity  Power

Velocity =
Force
45 000
v  30.4 (3 s.f.)
1480

The maximum speed of the car is 30.4 ms–1.

Examination-style question 2: A stone of mass 0.5 kg is sliding down a rough
plane inclined at an angle of 15° to the horizontal.
The stone passes a point A with a speed of 10 ms–1 and a point B with a speed of
6 ms–1.

a) Find the loss of mechanical energy of the stone as it moves from point A to
point B.

b) Calculate the coefficient of friction between the stone and the plane.
a) Loss of energy of the stone = loss of K.E. + loss of G.P.E.

Initial K.E. = ½ × 0.5 × 102

Final K.E. = ½ × 0.5 × 62
Loss of K.E. = 25 – 9 = 16 J

h
sin15° 
10 10
h
15°  h = 10sin15°

Loss of G.P.E. = 0.5 × 9.8 × 10sin15° = 12.7 (3 s.f.)

16 + 12.7 = 28.7

Therefore the loss of energy of the stone is 28.7 J.

b) To calculate the coefficient of friction, it is
necessary to calculate both the normal R
contact force and the frictional force. F

0.5g
15°
R = 0.5gcos15° = 4.73 (3 s.f.)

Loss of energy of the stone found in part a) is equal to the work done
against friction.
The work done against friction over a distance of 10 m is 28.7 J.
Work done = force × distance
force = 28.7 ÷ 10 = 2.87

F 2.87  the coefficient of friction is 0.61.

µ    0.61 (2 s.f.)
R 4.73
Examination-style question 3: A parcel of mass 30 kg is hauled up a slope
inclined at an angle of 20° to the horizontal. The parcel is hauled by means of a
constant force of 300 N at an angle of 30° to the line of greatest slope of the
plane.
The acceleration of the parcel up the plane is 0.1 ms–2 and the total resistance to
motion is RN.

a) Find the work done by the force in hauling the parcel, from rest, 10 m up
the slope.

b) By considering work and energy, find the value of R.

a) Work done = force × distance

Since the force acts at an angle of 30° to the

300 N
slope, the component of force acting along the
slope must be calculated.
30°
c

c
cos30° =
300
c = 300cos30o = 260 (3 s.f.)

Work done = 260 × 10 = 2600

So, work done by the force is 2600 J.

 h
b) sin20° = so, h = 10sin20°
10 10
h
20°
Gain in G.P.E. = 30 × 9.8 × 10sin20o
= 1006 (4 s.f.)

To find gain in K.E. it is necessary to v2 = u2 + 2as

find the speed of the parcel after it
has travelled 10 m. = 0 + 2 × 0.1 × 10 = 2
v = 1.41 ms–1 (3 s.f.)

Gain in K.E. = ½ × 30 × 2 = 30
1006 + 30 = 1036

Therefore the increase in energy of the system is 1036 J (4 s.f.).

The difference between the work done by the force acting up the slope and the gain in
energy of the system is
2600 – 1036 = 1564 J.
This is the work done by the resistance force.

Work done = force × distance

 R = 1564 ÷ 10 = 156.4 N