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HVAC 7ab
CNST 305
Environmental Systems 1
Dr. Berryman
Cooling Load Components
roof
lights partiti
people on
infiltratio
glass solar n wall
equipm
glass ent
conducti
on
exterior
wall
floor
Sensible and Latent Gains
cooling load components sensiblelatent
load load
conduction through roof,
walls, windows,
and skylights
solar radiation through windows, skylights
conduction through ceiling,
interior
partition walls, and floor
people
lights
equipment/appliances
infiltration
ventilation
system heat gains
Time of Peak Cooling Load
east-
facing roof
heat gain
window
12 6 12 6 12
mid a.m. noon p.m. mid
Sunlit Surfaces
sun solar angle changes throughout the
rays
Time Lag
time lag
B
solar effect
12 6 12 6 12
mid a.m. noon p.m. mid
Storage Effect (thermal lag)
Conduction – Sunlit
Surfaces
A factor called the cooling load
temperature difference (CLTD) is used
to account for the added heat transfer
due to the sun shining on exterior walls,
roofs, and windows, and the capacity of
the wall and roof to store heat. The CLTD
is substituted for ∆ T in the equation to
estimate heat transfer by conduction.
BH = U × A ×
∆T CLTD
Roofs
Based on:
• Solar
radiation
at 40o lat
on July 21
• Dark
surface
• OA 95oF
• Outdoor
mean of
85oF
• Daily
Range of
21oF
• No
Ventilation
CLTD Correction - Roof
CLTDcorr = [(CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)]f
to = OA – (DR/2)
Latitude
Month
Adjustment
Roof Types
Select closest construction
• Weight
• Construction
Compare U values
Additional insulation
• Use a CLTD whose roof weight and heat capacity are
approximately the same
• Find peak gain during the day
• For each R-7 above selected roof type
• Move value 2 hours later
• 29oF is the lowest adjustment value you can use
Sunlit
Walls
Based on:
Solar radiation at 40o lat on
•
July 21
Dark surface
•
OA 95oF
•
Outdoor mean of 85oF
•
Daily Range of 21oF
•
Wall
Groups
•Select closest
wall group
•Compare U-
values
•Move up one
wall group for
each R-7
GFEDCBA
Each R-7
Correcting CLTD - Walls
CLTDcorr = (CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)
to = OA – (DR/2)
Roof Calculation
Find peak cooling
Given: load:
L
•New Orleans, LA Closest roof type: 1
P
•OA DB=93oF WB=77oF Peak: 1500 hrs
CLTDuncorr : 78oF
M
•IA 77 F 40% RH
o
A
Correct for insulation:
•30 N. Latitude – June 22
o
X
R=7.5 vs 21 (+4 hrs)
•Daily Range of 16 F
o
CLTDuncorr : 42oF
E
•5000 SF light colored
steel sheet roof w/ drop
ceiling – rural area Correct CLTD:
•No attic ventilation next slide
•Rtotal = 21
CLTD Correction - Roof
CLTDcorr = [(CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)]f
42oF 2oF 0.5 77oF 85oF 1.0
CLTDcorr = 23oF
(1/21)(5000)(23oF) = 5476 BH
Wall Calculation
Determine
Given: Wall Group:
L
•New Orleans, LA Type G Metal Curtain Wall
P
•OA DB=93oF WB=77oF
M
•IA 77oF 40% RH
A
Correct for
•30o N. Latitude – June 22 insulation:
X
•Daily Range of 16oF R values 5.6 - 12.3 vs 19
E
(up 1 wall group)
•12x100’ light colored Use Type F Wall Group
metal curtain wall – rural
area – West facing
Correct CLTD:
•Rtotal = 19
next slide
CLTD Correction - Walls
CLTDcorr = (CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)
28oF 0oF 0.65 77oF 85oF
CLTDcorr = 19.2oF
solar
gain
(radiatio
n)
transmitte
energy
reflected conducti
energy on
glass
window
Based on:
•IA = 78oF
•OA = 95oF
•Daily Avg – 85oF
•DR = 20oF
CLTDcorr = CLTD + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)
Calculate CLTDcorr like roof/walls
Solar Heat Gain Factors
Direction that the window faces
Time of day
Month
Latitude
Construction of interior partition walls
Type of floor covering
Existence of internal shading devices
Types of Shading Devices
interior
blinds
exterior
fins
Glass – Solar Gain
The equation used to predict the solar heat gain (radiation) through
glass is:
*use N(shade)
for non-sunlit
glass
SC
Heavier
construction =
larger heat gain
delay
CLF with interior shading
Reduction in
the amplitude
of the solar
heat gain due
to the
constructions
Window Calculation
GIVEN:
L
•New Orleans, LA
P
Conduction
•OA DB=93 F WB=77 F
o o
BH = U × A × CLTD
M
•IA 77 F 40% RH
o
CLTDcorr = 14 F+(78 F–77oF F) + (85oF–85oF)
o o
A
(½)(3 x 4)(15oF)
•30 N. Latitude – June 22
o
X
= 90 BH
•Daily Range of 16oF Solar Gain
E
•Light venetian blinds BH = SHGF x A x SC x CLF
(214 BH)(12)(0.58)(.53)
•3 4 DH Clear Glass
0 0
= 790 BH
•R = 2
BHtotal = 880
•West facing at 1400 HRS
Lighting
1 watt = 3.4 BTUH
fan motor
fan motor heat gain = power input to motor × (1 – motor efficiency)
•
Heat Gain
Assignment
Use Dinky Office Building
Calculate total heat gain using your building
design
Turn in (in order):
• Assumption sheet
• Hand calculations of room 101
• Excel spreadsheet – Heat gain
• Floor plan w/ building orientation
• Corrected Wall Section
• Corrected Heat Loss calculations
• Window/Door data sheets
“Rules of
Thumb”
Balancing the System
12,000 BTUH / Ton
CFM =
RSH
1.08 x ∆ T
Next Time
Computerized Load Calculations
Wrightsoft Right-N