APPLICATION OF ERROR

ANALYSIS IN ENGEERING
GROUP MEMBER:
FAIZA MUSHTAQ
UW 07 EE-01
ALEENA ZAFAR
UW 07 EE-02
SAHAR KHALID
UW 07 EE-03
HAMMAD RIAZ
UW 07 EE 04
 ANALYSIS
• Analysis is when you tell your results prove or
disprove your original guess or hypothesis. Explain
why your results turned out this way
• NUMERICAL ANALYSIS:
• The study of approximation techniques for solving
mathematical problems, taking into account the
extent of possible error. The branch of mathematics
concerned with obtaining numerical answers by
approximations, rather than by analytic solution.
 ERROR ANALYSIS

• Error analysis is the study and evaluation of u

ncertainty in measurement. No experiment, h
owever carefully made, can be completely fre
e of uncertainties.
• The same error analysis can be used for any se
t of repeated measurements whether they aris
e from random processes or not.
 CONT….
• In the solution of a problem on a digital
computer, the estimation of the cumulative
effect of rounding or truncation errors
associated with basic arithmetic operations
 TYPES OF ERROR ANALYSIS
• Gross error:
Errors that occur when a measurement process is
subject occasionally to large inaccuracies. It is
occur due to human or person.
• Random error:
• Random errors are errors in measurement that
lead to measurable values being inconsistent
when repeated measures of a constant attribute
or quantity are taken.
• Systematic error:
Systematic errors are caused by imperfect
calibration of measurement instruments or
imperfect methods of observation, or
interference of the environment with the
measurement process, and always affect the
results of an experiment in a predictable
direction
• Approximation error:
• The approximation error in some data is the
discrepancy between an exact value and some
approximation to it. An approximation error can
occur because
1. The measurement of the data is not precise (due
to the instruments), or
2. Approximations are used instead of the real data
.
• Absolute error:
• The absolute error is the magnitude of the
difference between the exact value and the
approximation.

• Given some value v and its approximation

vapprox, the absolute error is
• Relative error:
• The relative error is the absolute error divided
by the magnitude of the exact value.
where the vertical bars denote the
absolute value. If the relative error is

 
• Percentage error:
The percent error is the relative error expressed
in terms of per 100
and the percent error is

 
 APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS of
engineering:
• Electrical engineering
• Mechanical engineering:
• Software engineering:
• Marine engineering
 MARINE engineering:
 
In marine engineering error analysis technique is
also used .for example a ship is cruising in the
ocean .in ships ultrasonic rays are propagated
into water and reflected back if any hurdles are
come. If hurdles are come then ship deviate or
change its path. Here we use the error will
come between the original path and deviated
path. So error analysis technique is used here.
CONT…
 Electronics engineering
• In Venire calipers:
• Instrument error refers to the combined accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument, or the difference between
the actual value and the value indicated by the instrument (error). Measuring instruments are usually calibrated on
some regular frequency against a standard. The most rigorous standard is one maintained by a standards organization
such as NIST in the United States, or the ISO in European countries. However, in physics—precision, accuracy, and error
are computed based upon the instrument and the measurement data. Precision is to 1/2 of the granularity of the
instrument's measurement capability. Precision is limited to the number of significant digits of measuring capability of
the coarsest instrument or constant in a sequence of measurements and computations. Error is ± the granularity of the
instrument's measurement capability. Error magnitudes are also added together when making multiple measurements
for calculating a certain quantity. When making a calculation from a measurement to a specific number of significant
digits, rounding (if needed) must be done properly. Accuracy might be determined by making multiple measurements
of the same thing with the same instrument, and then calculating the result with a certain type of math function, or it
might mean for example, a five pound weight could be measured on a scale and then the difference between five
pounds and the measured weight could be the accuracy. The second definition makes accuracy related to calibration,
while the first definition does not.
• The instrument error is not like random error, that can't be removed. Sometimes the removal of instrument errors are
very easy, but it is case dependent. In Engineering instruments, like voltmeter or ammeter for example, the instrument
error is very difficult to remove. Ammeter has built in resistance, which can't be removed either way. So the only way is
to minimize it. On the other hand, the removal of error of a thermometer is a bit simple. Only the calibration has to be
removed and then again calibrate it carefully. Sometimes, the user doesn't care for removal of error from the
instrument, else he compensates it in calculation, for example, the zero error in Vernier Caliper is eliminated by proper
calculation
Error analysis in molecular dynamics simulation:

• In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, there are errors

due to inadequate sampling of the phase space or
infrequently occurring events, these lead to the statistical
error due to random fluctuation in the measurements.
• For a series of M measurements of a fluctuating property
A, the mean value is:
•  formula
• When these M measurements are independent.

 
 Propagation of uncertainty:
• propagation of error (or propagation of uncertainty) is the effect of variables
' uncertainties (or errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them.
• When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have
uncertainties due to measurement limitations (e.g. instrument precision)
which propagate to the combination of variables in the function.
• The uncertainty is usually defined by the absolute error. Uncertainties can
also be defined by the relative error (Δx)/x, which is usually written as a
percentage.
• Most commonly the error on a quantity, Δx, is given as the
standard deviation, σ. Standard deviation is the positive square root of
variance, σ2. The value of a quantity and its error are often expressed as x ±
Δx.
•  
 Autocorrelation:

• Autocorrelation is the cross-correlation of a

signal with itself. Informally, it is the similarity
between observations as a function of the
time separation between them.
• By this we can find the error in the delay
version of orignal data.
Error analysis of electronic instrument transformers:

• The system error characteristics are analyzed to improve the

measurement accuracy of electronic instrument transformers. The
noise characteristics of the electronic instrument transformers are
related to the error characteristics of front-amplifiers, A/D
converters, and signal processing units on the low-voltage side. The
analysis identifies the key factors influencing the system
measurement accuracy. Criteria are then developed for component
selection and system design of the transformers with a 220 kV
electronic current transformer developed and tested. The results
show that the current transformer meets the IEC 0.2 class accuracy
requirements, has a ratio the range of error of less than ±0.1% and
a phase error of less than ±2′ at the range of-30℃ to +70℃.
 in mechanical engineering:

•  
• Error analysis is used during the stabilization
of different mechanical body such as
segways .means when the error occur due to
instability of body the accelerometer or
gyroscope are used for apply the control
algorithmic.
 Telecommunication:

•  
• In information theory and coding theory with applications
in computer science and telecommunication, error
detection and correction or error control are techniques
that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable
communication channels. Many communication channels
are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be
introduced during transmission from the source to a
receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such
errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of
the original data
 In numerical modeling:

• In numerical simulation or modeling of real

systems, error analysis is concerned with the
changes in the output of the model as the
parameters to the model vary about a mean.
• For instance, in a system modeled as a
function of two variables . Error analysis deals
with the propagation of the numerical errors in
and (around mean values and ) to error in
(around a mean ).
• In numerical analysis, error analysis comprises both
forward error analysis and backward error analysis.
Forward error analysis involves the analysis of a
function which is an approximation (usually a finite
polynomial) to a function to determine the bounds
on the error in the approximation; i.e., to find such
that . Backward error analysis involves the analysis
of the approximation function , to determine the
bounds on the parameters such that the result
• See Figure 12 Forward error propagation: difficult and
usually leads to overestimates (pessimistic).
• Backward error propagation: How much error in input
would be required to explain all output error?
• Assumes that approximate solution to problem is good IF IT
IS THE exact solution to a ``nearby'' problem.
• Example Want to approximate . We evaluate its accuracy at .
•