Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Examples:
Earth
A ball is moving
at rest w.r.t.
w.r.t.aastationary
stationaryman.
man.
at rest w.r.t.
A car is moving w.r.t.aastationary
stationaryman.
man.
Motion:
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings and with time.
Examples:
1. Moving cars, buses, trains, cricket ball, etc.
2. All the planets revolving around the Sun.
3. Molecules of a gas in motion above 0 K.
Rest:
An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to
its surroundings and with time.
Examples: Mountains, Buildings, etc.
(in km)
1. The distance measured to the right of the origin of the position axis is taken
positive and the distance measured to the left of the origin is taken negative.
2. The origin for position can be shifted to any point on the position axis.
3. The distance between two points on position-axis is not affected due to the
shift in the origin of position-axis.
Origin, unit and sense of passage of time
-t -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+t
(in hours)
1. The time measured to the right of the origin of the time-axis is taken
positive and the time measured to the left of the origin is taken negative.
2. The origin of the time-axis can be shifted to any point on the time-axis.
3. The negative time co-ordinate of a point on time-axis means that object
reached that point a time that much before the origin of the time-axis
i.e. t = 0.
4. The time interval between two points on time-axis is not affected due to
the shift in the origin of time-axis.
When the same point is chosen as origins for position and time
x = 0 km x = 30 km x = 40 km x = 55 km
t =6h t=8h
t =0h t = 11 h
O A B C
When the different points are chosen as origins for position and time
x = -40 km x = -10 km x = 0 km x = 15 km
t =0h t=2h
t = -6 h t=5h
O A B C
2 km
5 km
Distance travelled is 7 km.
5 km
Distance travelled is 10 km.
Displacement
Displacement of a body is the shortest (straight line) distance between its
initial position and final position along with direction.
2 km
5 km
Displacement is 6.57 km in the direction shown by the arrow
mark.
5 km
Displacement is 0 km.
Distance
A C
Displacem
ent B
Scalar
Scalar quantity is a physical quantity which has magnitude only.
Eg.: Length, Mass, Time, Speed, Energy, etc.
Vector
Vector quantity is a physical quantity which has both magnitude as well as
direction.
Eg.: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Force, etc.
Physical Quantity
Physical quantity is a quantity which can be measured and expressed in
magnitude (value with or without unit).
Eg.: 1. Length can be measured and expressed as 5 m.
2. Relative Density can be measured and expressed as 0.8
Speed
Speed is defined as the time rate of change of distance of a body.
or
Speed is defined as the distance travelled by a body in unit time.
Distance travelled
Speed =
Time taken
If a body travels a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’, then its speed ‘v’ is given by:
s
v=
Note: t
1. Speed is a scalar quantity.
2. Speed is either positive or zero but never negative.
3. Speed of a running car is measured by ‘speedometer’.
4. Speed is measured in
i) cm/s (cm s-1 ) in cgs system of units
ii) m/s (m s-1 ) in SI system of units and
iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1 ) in practical life when distance and time
involved are large.
Uniform Speed
A body has a uniform speed if it travels equal distances in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.
Uniform Motion
A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.
Variable Speed
A body is said to be moving with variable speed, if it covers unequal
distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals
may be.
Non-uniform Motion
A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels unequal distances in equal
intervals of time.
Average Speed
Average speed of a body is the ratio of total distance
travelled to the total time taken to cover this distance.
stot
vav =
ttot
Eg.:
Let a car covers first 25 km in 1 h, next 35 km in ½ h
and last 30 km in 1 h, then the average speed is =
(25 + 35 + 30) / (1 + ½ +1) = 36 km/h.
Instantaneous Speed
When a body is moving with variable speed, the speed
of the body at any instant is called instantaneous
speed.
Velocity
Velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement of a body.
or
Velocity is defined as the distance travelled by a body in unit
time in a given direction.
Distance travelled in a given direction Displacement
Velocity = =
Time taken Time taken
If a body travels a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’ in a given direction, then its
speed ‘v’ is given by:
s
v=
t
Note:
1. Velocity is a vector quantity.
2. Direction of velocity is the same as the direction of displacement of the
body.
3. Velocity can be either positive, zero or negative.
4. Velocity can be changed in two ways:
i) by changing the speed of the body or
ii) by keeping the speed constant but by changing the direction.
Velocity is measured in
i) cm/s (cm s-1 ) in cgs system of units
ii) m/s (m s-1 ) in SI system of units and
iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1 ) in practical life when distance and time involved
are large.
Uniform Velocity
A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity, if it travels in a specified
direction in a straight line and moves over equal distances in equal intervals
time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.
Note: No effort or force is required to move the body with uniform velocity.
Variable Velocity
A body is said to be moving with variable velocity, if its speed or its direction
or both change(s) with time.
Average Velocity
When a body moves with variable velocity, the average velocity of the body is
the ratio of the total displacement covered by it to the total time taken.
Initial velocity + Final velocity u+v
Average velocity = =
2 2
Instantaneous Velocity
When a body is moving with variable velocity, the velocity of the body at any
instant is called instantaneous velocity.
Speed Velocity
1. Speed is the time rate of change of 1. Velocity is the time rate of
distance of a body. change of displacement of a body.
Suppose a body moving with initial velocity ‘u’ changes to final velocity
‘v’ in time ‘t’, then
v-u
a=
t
Note:
1. Acceleration is a vector quantity.
2. Direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of velocity of the
body.
3. Acceleration can be either positive, zero or negative.
4. Acceleration of a body is zero when it moves with uniform velocity.
Acceleration is measured in
i) cm/s2 (cm s-2 ) in cgs system of units
ii) m/s2 (m s-2 ) in SI system of units and
iii) km/h2 (km h-2 ) in practical life when
distance and time involved are large.
Uniform Acceleration
A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if it travels in a
straight line and its velocity increases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time.
or
A body has uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a uniform rate.
Eg.:
The motion of a freely falling body is
uniformly accelerated motion.
The motion of a sliding block on a
smooth inclined plane is uniformly
accelerated motion.
Non-uniform Acceleration
A body is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration, if its velocity
increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.
or
A body has non-uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a non-
uniform rate.
Eg.:
The motion of a car on a crowded city road. Its speed (velocity) changes
continuously.
C A
The slope of the distance – time
graph indicates speed.
Distance
AB
Speed =
OB
O B Time
Speed – Time Graph
(Uniform Speed)
A D
The area of the speed – time graph
indicates distance travelled.
Speed
The area of ABCD gives the
distance travelled between the time
t1 and t2 seconds. O B Time C
t1 t2
Non-Uniform Motion
Non-uniform speed
Distance – Time Graph
(Uniform Acceleration)
Distance
O Time
Distance
O Time
Speed (Velocity) – Time Graph
(Uniform Acceleration)
A
The slope of the velocity – time
graph indicates acceleration.
Velocity
AB
Acceleration =
OB
The area of AOB gives the distance
O B Time
travelled.
AO Velocity
Retardation =
OB
The area of AOB gives the distance O B Time
travelled.
Speed (Velocity) – Time Graph:
(Uniform Acceleration)
When the initial speed is not zero
Velocity
AB
Acceleration =
OB
C
The area of OCAB gives the
distance travelled.
O B Time
EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
u a s v
t
Consider a body moving with initial velocity ‘u’ accelerates at uniform rate
‘a’. Let ‘v’ be the final velocity after time ‘t’ and ‘s’ be the displacement.
or v = u + at
or u + v = 2vav
or v + u = 2vav (2)
v2 - u2 = 2atvav
or v2 - u2 = 2as vav x t = s
or v2 = u2 + 2as
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration =
Time taken for change
BD
a= u A D
AD
AE
a= O t C Time (s)
OC
OE - OA
a=
OC
v-u
a=
t
v – u = at
or v = u + at
Second equation of motion
Velocity (m/s)
s = ½ x OC x (OA + CB)
s = ½ x t x (u + v) u A D
s = ½ x t x (u + u + at)
O t C Time (s)
s = ½ x (2ut + at2)
s = ut + ½ at2
Third equation of motion
Velocity (m/s)
s = ½ x OC x (OA + CB)
s = ½ x t x (u + v) u A D
2s
(v + u) = (1) O t C
t Time (s)
or v2 = u2 + 2as
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
O
r