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DEVICES
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What is Fluid Pressure?
Fluid contained in a vessel exerts force on all
its sides. The force per unit area is called Fluid
Pressure.
Mathematically-
p= P/A
where P= the force and
A= area on which the force acts
p= intensity of pressure
S.I. unit is N/m2 or Pascal
Pressure Head-
Represents the internal energy of a fluid due to
the pressure exerted on its container. It may also
be called static pressure head or simply static
head.
Mathematically,
h=p/γ
where h=pressure head
p=intensity of pressure
γ=specific wt. of the liquid
Hence, pressure intensity may be expressed in two
ways-
1. As force per unit area &
2. As an equivalent static head.
Pascal’s Principle:
Any change in the pressure of a fluid is transmitted
uniformly in all directions throughout the fluid.
A small force F1 applied to a piston with a small
area produces a much larger force F2 on the larger
piston. This allows a hydraulic jack to lift heavy
objects.
Atmospheric,absolute and gauge pressure
Devices used for measuring pressure-
Fluid pressure may be measured by following
devices-
1. Manometers-
(a) Simple manometers-
PIEZOMETER, U-TUBE MANOMETER & SINGLE-
COLUMN MANOMETER.
(b) Differential manometers-
U-TUBE DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER & INVERTED U-
TUBE DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER.
2. Mechanical gauges-
BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE, DIAPHRAGM
PRESSURE GAUGE & VACUUM GAUGE.
MANOMETER- measures pressure at a point in a fluid
by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another
column of fluid.
U-TUBE MANOMETER
PIEZOMETER
SINGLE-COLUMN
MANOMETERS
INCLINED
VERTICAL
Differential manometers-
Includes-
Piezometers
U-tube manometers &
Single-column manometers
PIEZOMETER-
-It is the simplest form of
Manometer,used for measuring
moderate pressure.It consist of a
Tube,open at one end to the
Atmosphere,in which,Liquid can
rise freely without overflow,the
Height,to which the Liquid rises up
in the Tube,gives the Pressure
Head directly.
p= γ h
- Disadvantages
Measures gauge pressure only. Cannot be used for
measuring large pressures in
case of lighter liquids.
&
-not suitable for measuring Cannot be used for
Negative Pressure because Air will measuring gas pressures
enter in the pipe through the Tube
U-tube manometer-
"U"-Tube manometer S2
enables the pressure of both
liquids and gases to be
measured with the same
instrument.
The fluid whose pressure is
being measured should have S1
a mass density less than that
of the manometric fluid and
the two fluids mustThe
be pressures in the right limb and the left limb
immiscible. above the datum line B-C are equal
FOR POSITIVE Pressure head above B-C in the right limb= h2S2
GAUGE
PRESSURE Pressure head above B-C in the left limb = h+h1S1
Equating,
h+h1S1= h2S2 OR, h= h2S2 _ h1S1
.
S1
U-TUBE MANOMETER S2
The pressures in the right limb and the left limb above
the datum line X-X are equal
Pressure head above X-X in the right limb= 0
Pressure head above X-X in the left limb = h+h1S1+h2S2 FOR NEGATIVE GAUGE
PRESSURE
Equating,
h+h1S1+h2S2 = 0 OR ,h = _( h1S1+h2S2)
A>>a
S1
Datum line
A x Z1 = a x h2
Or, Z1= (a x h2)/A ............(1)
Equating the pressure heads above the datum line Z-Z,
Heavy liquid S2
Let,
l = length of the heavy liquid moved in the right limb,
θ = inclination of right limb horizontal and
SINGLE-
Z2 = vertical rise of liquid in the right limb from X-X= l sin θ
COLUMN
Putting the value of Z2 in equation (2) we get, MANOMETER
h = l sinθ x S2 _ h1S1 (INCLINED)
Differential U-tube manometer-