c

 




 


2
 
 Class Objectives

‡ Learn about the evolution of programming

languages.

‡ Write and process your first C++ program

2
 cntroduction
Elements of a Computer System

‡ Hardware
± CPU
± Main memory
± Secondary storage
± cnput/output devices

‡ Software

3
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)

‡ CU (control unit):
± Fetches and decodes instructions
± Controls flow of information in and out of MM
± Controls operation of internal CPU components
‡ PC (program counter): points to next instruction to
be executed

4
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(continued)
‡ c (instruction register): holds instruction currently
being executed
‡ ALU (arithmetic logic unit): carries out all arithmetic
and logical operations

cntroduction to C++ Programming: Brief Edition 5

cntroduction to C++ Programming: Brief Edition 6
 Main Memory

‡ Directly connected to the CPU

‡ All programs must be loaded into main memory
before they can be executed
‡ All data must be brought into main memory before
it can be manipulated
‡ When computer power is turned off, everything in
main memory is lost

cntroduction to C++ Programming: Brief Edition 7

 Main Memory (continued)

cntroduction to C++ Programming: Brief Edition 8

 Secondary Storage

‡ Secondary storage: device that stores information

permanently
‡ Examples of secondary storage:
± Hard disks
± Flash drives
± Floppy disks
± Zip disks
± CD- OMs
± Tapes

cntroduction to C++ Programming: Brief Edition 9

 cnput/Output Devices

‡ cnput devices feed data and programs into

computers
± Examples
‡ Keyboard, mouse, secondary storage
‡ Output devices display results
± Examples
‡ Monitor, printer, secondary storage

`
 Software

‡ Software: programs that do specific tasks

‡ Examples
± Word processors, Operating systems, Spreadsheets

‡ The Program is a sequence of instructions.

‡ Without software, the computer is useless

‡ All software is written in programming languages

‡ C++ is a programming language
``
 The Language of a Computer

‡ Digital signals are sequences of s and `s

‡ Machine language: language of a computer
‡ Binary digit (bit):
± The digit or `
‡ Binary code:
± A sequence of s and `s
‡ Byte:
± A sequence of eight bits

`2
`3
 The Evolution of Programming
Languages

‡ Early computers were programmed in machine

language
‡ To calculate h
 
 in
machine language you may need to write:
    

     
    


`4
 Assembly Language

‡ Assembly language instructions are mnemonic

‡ Assembler: translates a program written in
assembly language into machine language

`5
 Assembly Language (continued)
‡ Using assembly language instructions, h

 
 can be written as:

 


 h


`6
 High-Level Languages

High-level languages include Basic, FO T AN,

COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, C#, and Java.

The equation h
 

is written in
C++ as:
h
 


‡ Compiler: translates a program written in a high-

level language to machine language

`7
 Your first C++ Program

w

 





 



 
  






 
 



     




 
!

 :
ï

!""

 #
$
`8
Processing a C++ Program

`9
 High-Level Languages

‡ Programming language: a set of rules (syntax),

symbols, and special words used to construct
programs.

‡ Syntax: rules that specify which statements

(instructions) are legal

‡ Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction

2
 Your first C++ Program

‡ Save the program in a file with extension .CPP

‡ Preceding program consists of a function  #

± Heading: #  #%&

‡ 

 

   







 

2`
 Comments

‡ Comments are for the reader, not the compiler

‡ Two types
± Single line
  !""

 $
'  #
($

± Multiple line

)
 ## 
#  #

* #$


22
 Output
‡ The syntax of
 and ++ is:

± Called an output statement

‡ „ 
 
 


‡ ¢  
 






  
screen

23
 Output
‡ A manipulator is used to format the output
± Example: # causes insertion point to move to
beginning of next line
 Special Symbols

‡ Special symbols

Arithmetic operators: +, - , *, /

Punctuation: ;

// , /*, << , { } , ( )

25
 Preprocessor Directives
 #  +
 , : preprocessor directive

‡ Preprocessor directives are commands supplied to

the preprocessor

‡ All preprocessor commands begin with #

‡ No semicolon at the end of these commands

26
 Preprocessor Directives

‡ Syntax to include a header file is:

‡ For example:

#  +
 ,

± Causes the preprocessor to include the header file


  in the program so we could use
 and
#
   

27
 Preprocessor Directives

‡ Many functions and symbols needed in a C++

program are provided in a collection of libraries.

‡ Every library has a name and is referred to by a

header file.

‡ Each header file has specifications to some

functions Ex:
<cmath>, <iostream>

28
 #   and Using
 in a
Program
 #
#   
allows you to use
 and # without the prefix
--
%--
.--#&

‡ To use
.# in a program, use the
following two statements:
#  +
 ,
#
#   

29
 eserved Words (Keywords)
‡ eserved words, keywords, or word symbols
± cnclude:
 '# 
 #

 #  
 #
 (

 
/
 

#
 *

 #
3
 A C++ Program2

 
 
  
A string

Causes cursor to move to

beginning of next line
An arithmetic expression

3`
 Sections covered from the book

You are able now to skim chapter and scan most of

chapter `

32