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ETHICAL THEORY
• ALTRUISM
• DUTY THEORY
• Ethical Egoism
• EXISTENSIALISM
• Personality Virtue Theory
• SOCIAL MORALITY THEORY
• UTILITARIANISM
ALTRUISM
The original use of the concept of "altruism" is traced to Auguste
Comte, a French mathematician and philosopher during the first
half of the 1800s.
The French word that was later translated to "altruism," was an
adjective that meant, "of or to others, what is another's,
somebody else."
When the word was translated into English, it was defined as,
"devotion to the welfare of others, regard for others, as a
principle of action: opposed to egoism or selfishness."
DEFINITION
a) Normative ethics
You should not control one’s reproduction functions,
you have no right to do so.
b) Descriptive ethics
A country may have own set of belief that uncontrolled
number of reproductions will lead to overpopulation, so one
should practise birth control.
c) Meta-ethics
The fundamental nature of human reproductive rights or
religious belief and the country’s belief as mandated in
population policy.
UTILITARIANISM
• Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that
the moral worth of an action is solely
determined by its contribution to overall
utility.
• moral worth of an action is determined by
its outcome—the ends justify the means
• We should do whatever will bring the most
benefit to all of humanity.
• For example : Intrinsic Value
• Many things have instrumental value, that
is, they have value as means to an end.
• However, there must be some things which
are not merely instrumental, but have value
in themselves.
• That is what we call intrinsic value.
Standards of Utility