|

|

„ A synonym is a substitute of a word, similar in

meaning and sense which has to perform the same
function in a sentence as the original word does.
Thus a noun must have a noun synonym; an
adjective must be replaced by an adjective synonym,
and so on e.g.
„ I praise her form (verb)
„ I admire her form (verb)
„ This is exactly what he meant (adv)
„ This is precisely what he meant. (adv)
EXERCI|E

„ ^ind out the words nearest in meaning to the words

underlined.
„ A) he has Ú Ú

 a lot of wealth
„ Œ.)saved 2)heaped 3) earned 4) hoarded
„ B) The event was really
ÚÚ
„ Œ) visible 2) extravagant 3) impressive 4) oracular.
„ C) The beauty of the Himalayas Ú 
 his breath.
„ Œ) choked 2)freshened 3) Interrupted 4) held.
EXERCI|E Contd..

„ I appreciate the Ú Ú


suggested by the
engineer „ Assistance
„ Œ) Improvement 2)
Alternation 3)change4) „ Ignore
adulteration. „ Mysterious
„ Provide a synonym to the „ Novice
words given.
„ Calm „ Comprehend
„ Caution „ Renounce
„ Barbarous „ Insolence
„ Auspicious „ Triumph
„ Vocation
"



„ Antonym is a word which is opposite in meaning

and sense. If exact opposite is not available, we
select the nearest opposite. ^or e.g.
Word Antonym
„ Absent Present
„ Active Passive.
„ Birth Death
„ Bitter Sweet
„ Stagnant ^lowing
„ Elaborate Brief
„ Dusk Dawn.
ÿ
|
„ Homonym is a word that has both the same
sound and spelling as another but is different
in meaning and origin. It is the context, in
which a word is used, that gives a correct
meaning to the word. ^or.e.g. The noun
³bear´ and the verb ³bear´ are homonyms (of
each other.)
„ A homonym can be used as different parts of
speech.
EXERCI|E
·se the following Homonyms in different contexts so that they convey
different meanings.
„ Arm stick
„ Still Vice
„ Arch rush
„ Bark boot
„ Last bridge.
„ Bat
„ Base
„ Bear
„ Boot
„ Case
„ Corporal
„ Hamper
„ Plot
„ Pale
ÿÿ
E|
„ Homophone is a word that sounds like
another word but is different in spelling,
meaning and origin. ¶Knew¶ and µnew ¶are
homophones (of each other)
„ Homophones are sound- alikes ,when it
comes to writing, their spellings confuse us
thus resulting in mistakes. for e.g.
„ Affect, Effect Addition, Edition
„ Adapt, Adept Birth, Berth.
Complete the following sentences using the
appropriate word from those given in the brackets.

Œ. He (lied ,lay ,laid) in his bed the whole night but could not
sleep.
2. In yoga, you learn to control your (breath, breathe, breadth.)
3. I have been (waiting ,awaiting) a reply to my letter.
4. Soon the crowd dispersed and it was all (quit, quiet, quite)
again.
5. Even before the (umpire ,empire) raised his finger, he had
left the crease.
6. He was caught by the first (slip, sleep)in both the innings.
"R
|

„ Paronyms are words derived from the same

root but different in meaning. The root part of
the word has resemblance of spelling and
sound.
„ E.g. .admission, Admittance
„ Childish, Childlike
„ Considerate, considerable.

E WRD ||II

„ Brevity is a quality in communication, which

can be achieved by using a single word
which shall convey the meaning conveyed by
a group of words. In other words a single
word can replace the whole sentence. for
e.g. some important substitutes can be
„ One who does not believe in god--- atheist

E WRD ||II

Contd«

„ Belonging to one¶s ancestors--- Ancestral

„ Animals that live in water ---- aquatic
„ The yearly return of a date--- Anniversary
„ One who believes in keeping tradition±
conservative
„ A speech made without preparation± Extempore.
„ A man who thinks highly only of himself± Egoist
„ That which cannot be heard--- Inaudible.
 |ntax
|entence |tructures, Verb patterns
and their usage
|
"X

It is through meaningful sentences that we

communicate. So it is important to know how
a sentence is formed.
„ A sentence is a combination of words in a
certain order. Syntax tells us about that
order, it is the way words and phrases are to
be put together to form meaningful
sentences.
|
"X Contd«
„ The art and science of µputting words and phrases
together¶ to form sentences can be studied by
examining function of words in a sentence. various
combinations are possible giving rise to a variety of
structures.

„ J   Ú


Ú  
Ú
   

 Ú Ú
 




 for e.g.
Œ. An aero plane flies in the air.
2. children play football regularly.
3. Reena is my sister.
üI
D|  |E
E
CE|
J










Œ Ú 
´ statements are the sentences that state

or declare something. They are also called assertive
or declarative sentences.
^or e.g. The earth moves round the sun
(affirmative) .I will not go there (Negative)
  Ú


´ Sentences of this kind are
used to make enquiries. They always end with a
question mark.
3. Where do you live?
4. ^or e.g.. Can I help you?
EXCL""I
|

„ Sentences of this kind express surprise,

admiration ,pity, sorrow and other feelings in
an emphatic way. These sentences always
end with an Exclamatory mark.
„ ^or e g What a beautiful building!
„ How hot it is!
"R  " |E
E
CE; |EC
"
D REDIC"E

A B
Mr. Gupta is a teacher
He teaches in a school.
The school has over a thousand
pupils.
It is a leading school of
the town .
Each of these has two parts. The first part (column A) is
called the Subject. The second part (column-B) is called
the Predicate.

„ The
 is the agent of action . 

Ú tells
what action the subject does.
„ On an analysis of the subject (column-a), we find
that it can be´
name of person ´ Mr. Gupta
-- a pronoun ´ he, it
-- a noun with a possessive ´ his students ,the school
Adjective or an article before it.
DE I
II

|ubject ´The subject is a noun or a pronoun with or

without other words going with it.

redicate ´The Predicate has a verb that says what the

subject is, has, does etc.

It may also be defined as the verb and the words²object,

compliment, adverb, adverb phrase etc- that go with it.
ÿE ÿR"|E

„ The sun rises

   Ú

„ The birds fly
  

„ There was a knock     
In the above sentences, the group of words in
italics make sense, but not complete sense
 Ú     
 Ú Ú



   



Ú Ú  Ú

ÿE CL"|E

„ She has a chain  

„ She has a chain  Ú

Ú  
In the first sentence   is a phrase.
In the second sentence the group of words that
is made of gold has a subject (that) and a
predicate (is made of gold.) It is a clause.
|ILE |E
E
CE|

Rita   an expensive dress

Rita Ú
a student of Miranda house
She Ú
to become an engineer
Each of these sentences has a subject and one
verb in the predicate part of the sentence.
Such sentences are called simple sentences
ÿE "I
"R|  " |ILE
|E
E
CE

Œ) The subject-it may be a noun, a noun

phrase or a pronoun.
2) The verb-it is a finite verb (^. verbs change
with the number and person of the subject.)
3) An object if the verb is transitive e.g. He
bought a pen.
C
D |E
E
CE
We bought the tickets and went in.
Walk fast or you will miss the train

Each of these sentences has two different

clauses. Each sentence is a combination of
two independent clauses joined by a
conjunction. Each clause in the sentence
above has one finite verb
C
D |E
E
CE| (C
.)

We bought the tickets. We went in.

Walk fast. You will miss the train

A sentence that has more than one

independent clause joined together by a
conjunction is called a compound sentence.
The principal clauses are joined together with
the help of  
Ú
 


C
D |E
E
CE| (C
.)

Here is a list of coordinating Conjunctions´

But Not only«But also

Yet Nevertheless
Still Either«or
^or Neither«nor
So
CLEX |E
E
CE|
This is a place     Ú
 
The man     is my neighbour
The thief ran away   
Ú 

This is the book  Ú  Ú  Ú

Each of the above sentences has two clauses. The

clause that is not italicized can stand by itself as a
complete sentence. It is called the principal or the
main clause.
The clause that is italicized is the subordinate or the
dependent clause.
CLEX |E
E
CE| (C
.)

r


´
A sentence ,which has a principal clause and at
least one subordinate clause, is called a
complex sentence. It will have more than one
^inite verb.
It can be seen from the above e.g. that both
subordinating conjunctions (though, yet, lest,
nevertheless) and relative pronouns