A llo y

Alloy
 Introduction
 Figure above shows the PETRONAS
Twin Towers which dominates the skyline of
the city of Kuala Lumpur.
 What make this mega structure strong
enough to support itself and also resistant to
corrosion to endure all types of weather ????
 The answer lies in the design, the
properties of the stainless steel alloy and
concrete used.

 What is alloy???
 An alloy is a
mixture of two or
more metals or
non-metals
mixed in a
certain
percentage.
Metal
 Metal
Ø The atoms of pure metals are packed together
closely. This causes the metals to have a high
density.
Ø The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic
bonds) are strong. Therefore metals usually have
high melting points.
Ø Heat energy can be transferred easily from one
atom to the next by vibration. This makes metals
good conductors of heat.
Ø The freely moving outermost electrons within the
metal’s structure are able to conduct electricity.
Metals are good electrical conductors.
Ø Since atoms of pure metals are of same size, they
are arranged orderly in a regular layered
pattern. When a force is applied to a metal,
1) Shows the regular arrangement of the atoms in a
metal crystal and the white spaces show where the
free electrons are .
2) Shows what happens when the metal is stressed by a
strong force. The layers of atoms can slide over
each other and the bonding is maintained as the
mobile electrons keep in contact with atoms, so
the metal remains intact BUT a different shape.
3) Shows an alloy mixture. It is NOT a compound but a
physical mixing of a metal plus at least one other
material. Many alloys are produced to give a
stronger metal. The presence of the other atoms
(smaller or bigger) disrupts the symmetry of the
layers and reduces the 'slip ability' of one layer
next to another. The result is a stronger harder less
Alloy
 USES OF ALLOYS
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Steel 99 % iron Hard and strong Construction of
1 % carbon buildings, bridges,
body of cars, heavy
machineries,
railway tracks
Stainless 74 % iron Strong, shiny, does Cutlery, surgical
steel 18 % chromium not rust instruments, kitchen
7 % nickel were
1 % carbon
Bronze 90 % copper Hard, strong, shiny, Statues,
10 % tin does not corrode monuments,
easily medals, swords,
artistic materials
 USES OF ALLOYS
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Brass 70 % copper Harder than copper Electrical
Solder 30
70 % % zinc
lead Hard, shiny, low appliances, musical
Candle stands,
30 instruments
Duralumin 93 % % tin
aluminum melting point
Strong and light mugs,
Body of souvenirs,
airplanes,
Pewter 396%%copper
tin Strong, luster and bullet
Making trains,
of racing
33 %% magnesium
copper shiny bicycles
souvenirs,
11 %
% manganese
antimony decorative items
Purpose of Making
Alloys
Alloys are made to


1. Increase the hardness of metals.

2. Prevent the corrosion of metals.
3. Improve the beauty and lustre of
metals.
•
 Hardness of metals:
1. Alloys improve the strength of metal.
2. Carbon is added to iron to obtain steel to make it
stronger and harder than pure iron. Other metals
like manganese, chromium and tungsten are also
added to add to the hardness.
3. Magnalium is made from aluminium and magnesium
to improve the hardness of the pure metals but at
the same time, maintaining their lightness.
4.
 To prevent corrosion of metals:
v Tin and iron are used vastly in building but they rust
easily, thereby causing economical loss. Adding
other metals or non-metals to them can prevent
rusting.
v Stainless steel is made by adding carbon, chromium
and nickel to iron.
v Adding phosphorus to bronze also improves the lustre
and prevents corrosion of bronze.
v
 Beauty and lustre of metals:
ü Making alloys also improve the beauty and lustre of
metals. They are thus used as decorative items as
they do not tarnish easily.
ü Stainless steel is used to make forks and spoons
ü Copper and antimony added to tin produces pewter,
used to make decorative.
ü