Moderator:-

Mr. Lalit Kumar Gupta (Tutor)

Deptt. of Radio-Diagnosis & Imaging
PGIMER, Chandigarh

Presented By:-
RUNISHA
B.Sc. Med. Tech. (X-ray) – 2nd Year
Deptt. of Radio-Diagnosis & Imaging
PGIMER, Chandigarh 1
 Vertebral column forms the central axis of the
skeleton and is centered in the mid sagittal plane
of the posterior part of the trunk.
 It is made up of small segments of bone with fibro
cartilaginous discs interposed to act as a cushion.
Its functions are :
 It encloses and protects the spinal cord
 It supports the trunk , skull and provides
attachment to the ribs laterally.

2
 The Vertebral column normally consists of 33
small , irregular bones called vertebrae. The
vertebrae are divided in to five groups and
named accordingly to the regions they occupy.

 The upper seven vertebrae occupy the region

of the neck and termed cervical vertebrae.

 The succeeding twelve bones lie in the dorsal

portion of the thorax called the thoracic
vertebrae.

3
 The five vertebrae
occupy the region of
loin or lumbus, are
called lumbar vertebrae.

 The next five are termed

sacral vertebrae and
the vertebrae in the
terminal group which
vary from three to five
in number are called
coccygeal vertebrae.

4
Curvature of Vertebral Column: - At birth, the
majority of the vertebral column is curved, with its
concavity facing forward as the development occurs &
as the child starts to lift his head & begins to walk
additional curvature develops within the spine in
response to these activities. According to growing age,
vertebral column has respectively two curvatures that
are termed as:
 Primary curvature &
 Secondary curvature.

5
Primary Curvature: - The whole
of the vertebral column of the
body attains a single concave
curvature during the foetal &
infant life which is the primary
curvature. They are Thoracic &
Sacro-coccygeal.
Secondary Curvature: - At the
same time after birth and with
the growing age, the vertebral
column then again undergoes
two secondary curvatures. Both
of these curvatures are convex in
nature & are located in the
Cervical & Lumbar regions of
the body. 6
1. X-ray Unit.
2. HF Generator.
3. Grid.
4. Vertical & table bucky.
5. Cassette.
6. Separator

7
The radiography of spine can be carried out by using an
Ordinary Bucky Table Unit. It has Ceiling Suspension
(Mounted) with telescopic arm & multi directional
movement.
 The x-ray tube is a bifocal tube with a 0.6 mm and 1.2
mm focus.
 The tube column also has motorized vertical
moments and the focus to film distance can be varied
from 70 to 130cm.

8
 Desirable: -
1. High mA in b/w 300mA – 800mA.
2. High kV 40kV – 150kV
3. AEC.
4. APR.

9
10
HF – GENERATOR:
 It should be 6O – 80 KW.

GRID: -
 It must be used when kVp is higher than 70 kVp
in spine radiography to reduce the scatter
radiation & for better image quality.
 It should be 8:1 or 10:1.

VERTICAL BUCKY OR TABLE: -

 It should be floating type with motorized
movement in all direction. For easy pt. setup.
11
The radiological technologist must have to
know:
 Indication of special projection.
 Must be quick in making decision.
 The proper knowledge to provide quality of pt.
care in emergency cases.
 The better image quality should be produced
with min. exposure & to min. discomfort to
the pt. in the min. time period.
 Ensure any cassettes, grids, lead rubber
protection, foam pads etc. you may require are
clean. 12
Check form is fully completed & signed.
Check pregnancy question if required.
Take special care with details from,
elderly, handicapped, deaf, blind, very
young, individuals with poor English etc.
Review any previous reports & films.
Confirm details of patient and
examination.

13
Anatomy:-
 There are five lumbar vertebrae, of which the first four

are typical, and the fifth is atypical.

 A lumbar vertebra is identified by:-

(a) Its large size and

(b) By the absence of costal facets on the body.

14
Features of typical Lumbar Vertebra:-
a) The body is large, and is wider from side to side.
b) The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape and is
larger than in the thoracic region.
c) The pedicles are short, thick and broad.
d) The lamina are short and strong.
e) The transverse processes are thin and tapering, and
are directed laterally and slightly backwards.

15
Features of atypical 5th Lumbar Vertebra:-
a) The body is the largest of all lumbar vertebrae.
b) The transverse processes are thick, short and
pyramidal in shape.
c) The distant between the inferior articular processes is
equal or more than the distance between the superior
articular processes.
d) The spine is small, short and rounded at the tip.
e) The pedicles are directed backwards and laterally.

16
17
Lumber spine lies in the abdomen and is superimposed
by the gut which has faecal matter so except in
trauma and emergency patients this radiograph is not
done without preparation.
1) Patient is prescribed 2 TDS of charcoal and 2 tablets
of the laxative dulcolex at bed time for prior two days.
2)The patient is asked to come empty stomach on the
day of examination.

18
 Ask the pt. to remove all the radio-opaque things (i.e.
undergarments which may contain metals) from the
part to be examined before doing the X-ray.
 The technique must be explained by the radiological
technologist to the pt. with the demonstration which
help in better pt. positioning to avoid the repetition of
the examination.
 Time taken to explain the test to the patient is never
wasted.

19
 Patients referred for radiography may be
worried and anxious about the outcome, some
patients, are difficult to handle and may need
special care, typically the very young, old 
physically and or mentally infirm, unconscious
or unable to co-operate, The assistance of a
nurse or other competent person may be
required.
 It is important to remember the dignity of the
patient, and essential to have clean hands, a
clean cassette or bucky stands and clean
immobilization aids at all times.
20
 Lower Back Ache (Pain).
 PIVD.
 Trauma e. g. – Fracture.
 Lordosis.
 Scoliosis.
 Zygapophyseal Joint.
 Vertebral fracture.
 Osteoporotic collapse.
 Butterfly Vertebrae.
 Inter-vertebral foramina.
 Spine TB (Pott’s Disease)
 Osteomyelitis.
 Osteoporosis.
 Osteochondritis
(Schewermans Disease).
 Hemi vertebrae.
 Paget’s Disease.
 Congenital abnormalities.
 Tumors: - e.g. Metastases
or Benign, Primary Bone
tumor.
21
a) AP View.
b) Lateral View.
ADDITIONAL VIEWS:
a) AP Oblique
b) PA–Oblique
c) Lateral-Flexion and Extension
d) Lumber Intervertebral Disks

22
1) AP VIEW: For Lumber spine
Positioning: Patient is made to
lie down in supine position
with mid saggital plane center
to the centre of the table.
• Legs are flexed at the hip and
knee joint to reduce curvature
of lumbar spine .
• Both hands are placed over the
chest or below head
• Both the anterior superior iliac
spines are in the same plane.
C.R: Directed at the mid point of
the line joining the inferior
costal margin i.e L3.
Film is centered at the same level.
23
For Lumbosacral Spine:
AP VIEW
 • It is taken in the same position
but legs are extended and the film
is centered at the level of iliac
crest.
C.R: Directed perpendicular to the
film at the mid point of the line
joining the anterior superior iliac
spines.

24
25
For Lumbosacral Junction:
 It is taken in the same position

but legs are extended and the AP Axial View

film is centered at the level of
iliac crest.
C.R: Directed 5-15 degree
towards the head midway at
the level of anterior superior
iliac spine.
So it is also called AP Axial
view.
 Exposure is made on

suspended inspiration.
26
 Area from the lower thoracic vertebrae to the coccyx
should be included.
 There should not be an artifact across the
midabdomen from the elastic in the patient’s
underclothing.
 Exposure should penetrate all the vertebral
structures.
 Intervertebral joints should be open and well
visualized.
 Sacroiliac joints should be equidistant from the
vertebral column.

27
2)LATERAL VIEW: For
Lumber Spine
Positioning: Patient is turned
towards one side with back
towards the technologist.
 The MSP of the pt.’s body
should be parallel to the x-ray
table top & MCP is centered to
the centre of the table.
 Arms are placed over the head
and legs are flexed at knee and
hip joint.
 A radioparent pad is placed
under lower abdomen to bring
the line joining the spinous
processes parallel to the film.
28
 A strip of lead rubber or separator is place just post.
To the pt. to prevent scatter radiation reaching to the
film.
 The cassette is centered in the bucky tray at the level
of the L3 vertebra.
C.R: Directed at the level of lower costal
margin 1 inch anterior to spinous
process of L3 or midline of axilla up to
the level of inferior costal margin.

29
LATERAL VIEW:- For
LumboSacral Spine
 Position is same as that of

lumbar spine.
 The cassette is centered in

the bucky tray at the level of

the lower costal margin.
C.R.: Directed 1 inch below the
highest point of iliac crest
and 2 inches anterior to the
joining the spinous process.
 Exposure is made on

suspended inspiration.
30
31
LATERAL VIEW:- For
Lumbosacral Junction:
 Position is same as that of
lumbar spine.
 The cassette is centered in the
bucky tray at the level of the
lower costal margin.
C.R.: Directed at right angle to
the lumbosacral region of the
vertebral column at a point 3
inch anterior and at the level
of the 5th lumbar spinous
process.
 Exposure is made on
suspended inspiration.
32
 Area from the lower thoracic vertebrae to the coccyx
should be included.
 Intervertebral disk spaces should be open.
 Posterior margins of each vertebral body should be
superimposed.
 Vertebrae should be aligned down the middle of the
radiograph.
 When x-ray beam is not angled, the crests of ilium
should nearly superimpose each other.
 Spinous processes should be demonstrated.

33
Oblique view done for lumbar canal stenosis i.e.
blockage of lumbar canal.
a) AP Oblique (posterior oblique).
b) PA Oblique (anterior oblique).
 In the RPO view: Lt. Foramina are shown &
 In the LPO View: Rt. Foramina are shown.
 In the RAO View: Rt. Foramina are shown &
 In the LAO View: Lt. Foramina are shown.

34
Positioning:
This view can be done in
both Upright & Lying-
Down position.
 The pt. is made to lie-down
in supine position on the x-
ray table facing towards the
X-ray tube.
 Then the pt.’s body is
rotated 45˚ away from the
vertical bucky on each side
to bring the MSP at 45˚
with the x-ray table.
35
 The arm touching the table is
raised and folded over the LPO
head.
 The arm of other side is bring
forward and asked to hold the
table.
 The hip and knee are flexed of
the side touching the table
and the pt. is supported with
form pads placed under the
trunk on the raised side.
 The cassette is placed &
centered it at the level of the
third lumbar vertebrae.
36
 Area from the lower thoracic vertebrae to the
sacrum should be included.
 Intervertebral foramina of the farthest side is
visualized.
 When the joint is not well demonstrated and the

pedicle is quite anterior on the vertebral body, the

patient is not obliqued enough.
 When the joint is not well demonstrated and the

pedicle is quite posterior on the vertebral body,

the patient is obliqued too much.
 Vertebral column should be parallel with the
tabletop so the T12-L1 and L1-L2 joint spaces
remain open.
37
Positioning:
This view can be also done
in Upright & Lying-Down
position.
 The pt. is made to lie-
down in prone position
on the x-ray table.
 Then the pt.’s body is
rotated 45˚ away from the
vertical bucky on each
side to bring the MSP at
45˚ with the x-ray table. 38
 The lower arm is placed
along side.
 The upper arm placed LAO
forward with the hand
touching to the table.
 The cassette is placed &
centered at the level of the
third lumber vertebrae.
C.R: Directe the vertical
central ray towards the
midclavicular line on the
raised side at the level of
the lower costal margin.

39
 Area from the lower thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum
should be included.
 Intervertebral foramina of the nearest side is
visualized.
 Vertebral column should be parallel with the tabletop
so the T12-L1 and L1-L2 joint spaces remain open.

40
Lateral projections in flexion and extension may be
requested to demonstrate mobility and stability of the
lumbar vertebrae and Intervertebral discs.
Positioning:-
 The patient sits on a backless seat with either side

against the vertical Bucky.

 The sitting position is preferred since apparent flexion

and extension of the lumbar region is less likely to be

due to movement at the hip joints than when using
the erect position.

41
 The dorsal surface of the Flexion
trunk should be at right
angles to the film and the
vertebral column parallel
to the film.
 The patient first leans
forwards, flexing the
lumbar region as far as
possible, and grips the
front of the seat to assist in
maintaining the position.
 The patient then leans
backwards, extending the
lumbar region as far as
possible, and grips the back
of the seat. The film is
centered at the level of the
lower costal margin. 42
Extension
 CR:-Direct the horizontal
central ray at the right angles
to the film and towards a
point 3 inches anterior to the
third lumbar spinous process
at the level of the lower costal
margin.
Flexion
Evaluation Criteria Flexion
and Extension
 Vertebral column should not
be rotated.
 Density of the radiographs
must be sufficient t
demonstrate the degree of
movement when they are
superimposed.

Extension 43
Positioning:-
 This examination is made with the patient in the
standing position. PA projection be used, because in
this direction the divergent rays are more nearly
parallel with the Intervertebral disk space.
 With the patient standing before a vertical grid
adjust the height of the cassette so that its midpoint is
at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. This
centering will include several of the thoracic
interspaces as well as all of the lumbar interspaces.

44
 Center the mid sagittal plane
of the patient’s body to the
midline of the vertical grid
device and adjust the body Right Bending
in a PA position. Let the
arms bang unsupported by
the sides.
 One radiograph is made with
right bending and one with
left bending.
 Have the patient lean
directly laterally as far as
possible without rotation
and without lifting his foot.
The degree of leaning must
not be supported in position.
 Respiration is suspended for
the exposure.
45
CR:-Direct the central ray to the
third lumbar vertebra at an
angle of 15 to 20 degrees cauded
or direct it perpendicular to L3.
Structures Shown:-
 Two PA bending projections of
the lower thoracic region and
the lumbar region are presented
for the demonstration of the
mobility of the intervertebral
joints.
 This method of examination is
used in cases of disk protrusion
to localize the involved joint as
shown by limitation of motion
at the site of the lesion in the Lumber Intervertebral Disk
radiograph.
46
 Area from the lower thoracic interspaces to all of the
sacrum should be included.
 Patient should not be rotated in the bending position.
 Bending direction must be correctly identified with
appropriate lead markers.

47
 The large, C-shaped sacroiliac
(SI) joint connects the pelvic
bones (the ilia) to the sacrum at
the base of the spine. There are
two SI joints, one on either side
of the tailbone. Serving as shock
absorbers for the pelvis and low
back, the SI joints move
constantly when the body is in
motion, helping to provide
stability and structural support to
the lower part of the body.

48
Basic views:
1) AP Oblique (posterior oblique)
2) PA Oblique (anterior oblique)
ADDITIONAL VIEWS:
1) AP View
2) PA View

49
1) AP OBLIQUE:
Positioning: The pt. is made
to lie-down in supine
position on the x-ray table
facing towards the X-ray
tube.
 Then the pt.’s body is
rotated 15˚-25˚away from
the bucky on to side that
being examined.
 The arm touching the table is
raised and folded over the
head.
50
 The arm of other side is bring
forward and asked to hold RPO
the table.
 The hip and knee are flexed
of the side touching the table
and the pt. is supported with
form pads placed under the
trunk on the raised side.
C.R.: passing through a point 1
inch medial to the elevated
anterior superior iliac spine.

51
 Joint space should be open or have minimal overlap of
the ilia and sacrum.
 Joint should be centered on the radiograph.

52
2) PA OBLIQUE:
Positioning: patient is made
to lie in a semi prone
position with side to be
examined close to the film.
 Patient is made to rest on his
forearm and knee of the
elevated side.
 the pt. is supported with
form pads placed under the
knee.
C.R.: Passing through a point 1
inch medial to the
dependent anterior superior
iliac spine of the side closer
53
to the table.
 RAO
 Joint space closest to the
film should be open or
have minimal overlap of
the ilia and sacrum.
 Joint should be centered
on the radiograph.

54
3) AP View:- Supine or erect
positioning may be adopted for
this projection.
Positioning: Patient is made to
lie down in supine position 10-25
with mid saggital plane
centre to the center of the
table.
 Both hands are placed over

the chest.
 Both the anterior superior

iliac spines are in the same

plane or equidistance from 55
 The heel should be separated
and the limbs rotated
medially.
 The film is centered at a level AP VIEW
mid way between the
anterior superior iliac spine
and the sup. border of the
pubis symphysis.
 Exposure is made on
suspended inspiration.
CR:-Directed above the upper
border of the symphysis
with the tube angled 10-25
degree towards the head
depending upon the degree
of lumbo-sacral angulation.
56
4) PA View:-This projection is
preferred since the oblique
rays more nearly coincide
with the posterior anterior
5-15
direction of the joints then in
the anterior posterior
projection.
 Positioning:-Patient is
made to lie down in prone
position with mid saggital
plane centre to the center
of the table.
 The forearms should rest
on the pillow placed under
the patients head. 57
The posterior superior iliac
spines should be equidistance
from the couch table. The film
is centered at a level to PA View
coincide with the central ray.
CR:- Directed in the mid line
between the dimples over the
posterior superior iliac spines
and the tube angled 5-15
degree towards the feet.

58
 The Sacrum lies below the 5th lumbar vertebra.
It is made up five sacral vertebra that are fused
together.
 It is wedged b/w the two hip bones and takes
part in forming the pelvis. As a whole the bone
is triangular.
 It has an upper end or base which articulates
with the 5th lumber vertebra; a lower end or
apex which articulates with the coccys; a
convex posterior/dorsal surface; a concave
anterior/pelvic surface and right and lateral
surfaces that articulate with the ilium of the
corresponding side.
59
 The coccyx consists of four rudimentary vertebrate
fused together.
 It has pelvic and dorsal surfaces. The base or upper
end has an oval facet for articulation with the apex of
the sacrum. Lateral to the facet there are two cornua
that project upwards and are connected to the cornua
of the sacrum by ligaments. The first coccygeal
vertebra has rudimentary transverse processes. The
remaining vertebrae are represented by nodules of
bone.

60
Basic views:
1) AP VIEW:
 Positioning: same as for
lumbo sacral junction but
without angulation.
2) LATERAL VIEW:
 Positioning: same as for
lumbar spine lateral view
but
 Smaller size film is used.
 Film is placed with its
upper border 1 inch above
the iliac crest.
C.R.: 1 inch below the upper
border of iliac crest.
61
It is overlapped by pubic
symphysis AP VIEW
Basic views:
1)AP VIEW:
Positioning:
Same as lumbosacral AP
views with proper
collimation. Lower border
of the film is 2 inches below
the pubic symphysis.
C.R.: directed at a point just
above pubic symphysis with
15 degree cauded
angulation.
62
2)LATERAL VIEW:
Positioning:
Same as in lumbo-sacral
spine lateral view.
 Lower border of the film is
placed 1 inch below the end
of coccyx.
C.R.: directed at the tip of
coccyx.
 Cones and small collimation
is used to view the sharp
image of coccyx.

63
LAT View
Anatomy:-
 This is a large irregular bone. It is made up of three
parts. These are the ilium superiorly, the pubis
anteroinferiorly, and the ischuim posteroinferiorly.
 The three parts are joined to each other at a cup shaped
hollow, called the acetabulum.
 The pubis and ischium are separated by a large oval
opening called the obturator foramen.
 The acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur
to form the hip joint. The pubic parts of the two hip
bones form the pelvic or hip girdle.

64
 The bony pelvis is formed by the
two hip bones along with the
sacrum and coccyx.
 The acetabulum is directed
laterally.
 The flat, expanded ilium forms
the upper part of the bone,
that lies above the acetabulum.
 The obturator foramen lies
below the acetabulum. It is
bounded anteriorly by the thin
pubis, and posteriorly by the
thick and strong ischium.

65
a) AP View
b) Lateral View
ADDITIONAL VIEWS:
a) PA View
b) Inlet and Outlet View
c) Posterior Oblique
d) AP- Erect (Subluxation)
e) Lilienfeld Method

66
1) AP VIEW:
Positioning: Patient is made to
lie down in supine position
with mid saggital plane
centre to the center of the
table.
 Both hands are placed over
the chest.
 Both the anterior superior
iliac spines are in the same
plane or equidistance from
the table.
 The heel should be separated
and the limbs rotated
medially.
 The film is centered at a level
mid way between the
anterior superior iliac spine
and the sup. border of the
pubis symphysis.
67
C.R.: Directed 1and half inch
above the pubis symphysis or 2
inch below the mid point of
line joining both anterior
superior iliac spine .
Evaluation Criteria :-
 Entire pelvis should be
included along with the
proximal femurs.
 Femoral necks should be
demonstrated in their full
extent without anteversion.

68
 Grater trochanter should be fully demonstrated.
 Both ilia should be equidistance.

 Both grater trochanter should be equidistance.

 Pelvis should not be rotated :-

a) Both obturator foramen should symmetrical.

b) The ischial spine should be well demonstrated.
c) Sacrum and coccyx should be aligend with the
symphysis pubis.
 Identification marker should be clearly
seen.

69
2)LATERAL VIEW:
Positioning: Patient is turned
towards one side with back
towards the technologist.
 The MSP of the pt.’s body should
be parallel to the x-ray table top
& MCP is centered to the centre
of the table.
 Arms are placed over the head

and legs are kept straight with

the help of non opaque pads.
 A strip of lead rubber or

separator is place just post. To

the pt. to prevent scatter
radiation reaching to the film.
70
 The cassette is placed in the
bucky tray 1inch above the
upper border of iliac crest. LAT View
C.R. Directed perpendicular
to a point centered at the
level of the soft tissue
depression just above the
greater trochanter (app. 2
inch)

71
 Entire pelvis should be included along with the
proximal femurs.
 Sacrum and coccyx should be included.
 Posterior margin of ilium and ischium should be
superimposed.
 Femurs should be superimposed.

72
Inlet View :-
Positioning: It is same as
pelvis AP view.
CR:- Direct to the 2 inch
distal to the symphysis
pubis with the central
ray at an angle of 20-35
degree for female and
30-45 degree for male
towards feet.
73
Out let View:-
Positioning: It is same
as pelvis AP view.
CR:- Direct to the 2 inch
distal to the symphysis
pubis with the central
ray at an angle of 20-35
degree for female and
30-45 degree for male
towards head.

74
Posterior Oblique View :- For
Ilium
Positioning: Patient is made to lie
down in supine position with mid
sagittal plane parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the couch.
 Then pt. is turned 30 to 40 degrees
towards the side being examined so
that the general plane of the ilium is
parallel to the film.
 The hips and knees are flexed and
the patient supported on non
opaque pads. The film is centered at
the level of the anterior superior
iliac spines.
CR:- Directed mid way between the
anterior superior iliac spine on the
side being examined and the mid
line of the pelvis with the central
ray parallel to the front.

75
AP-Erect View:-
Positioning: Patient stands with the posterior aspect
against the vertical bucky and the arms folded across
the thorax.
 The anterior superior iliac spines should be
equidistance from the film and the mid sagittal plane
should be vertical.
 The symphysis pubis should be centered over the
vertical central line of the bucky and the film centered
at the level of the symphysis pubis.

76
 Two radiographs may be exposed
separately with the full weight of the
body on each lower limb in turn.
CR:- Direct to the symphysis pubis with
the central ray perpendicular to the film.

Non weight bearing Weight on Left limb 77

Positioning:-
 Place the patient on the

radiographic table in a
seated-erect position.
 Center the mid sagittal

plane of the body to the

midline of the table.
 Have the patient extend the

arms for support, lean

backward 45 or 50 degrees,
and then arch the back to
place the pubic arch in a
vertical position. 78
 With the cassette in
the Bucky tray, center
at the level of the
greater trochanters.
 Respiration is

suspended for the

exposure.
CR:-Direct the central
ray perpendicularly to a
point 1 and half inches
superior to the
symphysis pubis.
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 Superior and inferior rami of pubis bone should be
medially superimposed.
 There should be no rotation.
 Pubic and ischial bones should be centered to the
radiograph.
 Hip joint should be included.

80
 The radiological technologist should ensure that
nobody enters in the radiographic examination room
during the exposure of the patient.
 The X-ray beam should be well collimated.
 At all times, lead apron should be placed over the pt.
to save from leakage & scatter radiation.
 Careful preparation of the pt. which may reduce the
repeat examination.

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 Presence of essential staff only, during the
radiographic examination.
 The person applying the traction must be medically
supervised & must be wearing a radiation protective
lead – rubber apron & gloves.
 A good technique with attention to collimation of
beam will reduce the radiation dose to the Breast
Tissue & Gonads.
 Use of high speed film screen combination.

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 With the newer advancements in the field of
radiology, advanced modalities like MRI & CT are
taking the place of Spine Radiography rapidly .
 With CT & MRI we can have a 3-D image & thus
the Spine, disk & Spinal cord can be diagnosed
precisely.
 While MRI promises to give useful diagnostic
information without any radiation risks.
 But still, Spine Radiography will continue to play
its role in Diagnostic Radiology, may be due to
lesser radiation hazards than CT or we can say for
the economic reasons .
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